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Indian Removal
-The Indian Removal Act was signed by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.
-The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands.
-The act enjoyed strong support from the non-Indian peoples of the South, but there was a large amount of resistance from the Indian tribes, the Whig Party, and whites in the northeast, especially New England -
Suffrage
-The right to run for office is sometimes called candidate eligibility, and the combination of both rights is sometimes called full suffrage.
-In many languages, the right to vote is called the active right to vote and the right to run for office is called the passive right to vote
-Suffrage is often conceived in terms of elections for representatives. -
Manifest Destiny
-Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast.
-This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico.
-The phrase was first employed by John L. O’Sullivan in an article on the annexation of Texas published in the July-August 1845 edition of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, which he edited. -
susan b. anthony
-American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement
-Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17.
-In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. -
homestead act
-The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead," at no cost
-In all, more than 270 million acres of public land, or nearly 10% of the total area of the U.S., was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River.
-The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, opened up millions of acres. -
Civil Service Reform
-The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, a u.s law, enacted in 1883, which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation
-The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation.
-It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property -
eugene v. debbs
-Eugene Victor Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World , and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.
-Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
-Early in his political career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. -
Haymarket Riot
-The Haymarket affair was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday, May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago.
-It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers the previous day by the police.
-An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they acted to disperse the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers. -
Dawes Act
-The Dawes Act of 1887, adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
-Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship.
-The Dawes Act was amended in 1891, in 1898 by the Curtis Act, and again in 1906 by the Burke Act. -
william jennings bryan
-William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska.
-Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States.
-He also served in the United States House of Representatives and as the United States Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. -
Klondike gold rush
-The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899.
-Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896, and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of prospectors.
- Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain. It has been immortalized in photographs, books, films, and artifacts. -
andrew carnegie
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theodore roosevelt
-Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, and naturalist, who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909.
-He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900.
-As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. -
Muckraker
-The term muckraker was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform-minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt.
-They typically had large audiences in some popular magazines.
- In the US, the modern term is investigative journalism it has different and more pejorative connotations in British English and investigative journalists in the USA today are often informally called 'muckrakers'. -
Initiative & referendum
-Initiative, referendum, and recall are three powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office.
-Proponents of an initiative, referendum, or recall effort must apply for an official petition serial number from the Town Clerk.
-Initiatives and referendums, along with recall elections and popular primary elections, and they are written into several state constitutions, particularly in the West. -
Pure Food and Drug Scandal
-The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.
-Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors.
-It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug’s. -
ida b. wells
-She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
-Wells was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi
-She lost her parents and a sibling in the 1878 yellow fever epidemic at a young age. -
federal reserve act
-The Federal Reserve Act, is an Act of Congress that created and established the Federal Reserve System (the central banking system of the United States), and which created the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (commonly known as the US Dollar) as legal tender.
- The Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.
-The Federal Reserve Act created a system of private and public entities. -
16th amendments
-The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census
-This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895).
-The amendment was adopted on February 3, 1913. -
Dollar Diplomacy
-. Historian Thomas A. Bailey argues that dollar diplomacy was nothing new, as the use of diplomacy to promote commercial interest dates from the early years of the Republic.
-However, under Taft, the State Department was more active than ever in encouraging and supporting American bankers and industrialists in securing new opportunities abroad.
- Bailey finds that dollar diplomacy was designed to make both people in foreign lands and the American investors prosper. -
17th amendments
-The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states.
-The amendment supersedes Article I Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures.
-t also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held. -
19th amendments
-Ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote—a right known as woman suffrage.
-he campaign for woman suffrage did not begin in earnest in the decades before the Civil War.
-female citizens did not share all of the same rights as men, including the right to vote. -
The gilden age
-The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding.
- The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France.
-It was followed in the 1890s by the Progressive Era. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
-was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding.
-In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh.
- Teapot Dome was regarded as the "greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics" -
nativism
-the political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.
-this is currently more commonly described as an anti-immigrant position.
-In scholarly studies nativism is a standard technical term. -
clarence darrow
-was an American lawyer, a leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, and a prominent advocate for Georgist economic reform.
-He defended high-profile clients in many famous trials of the early 20th century, including teenage thrill killers Leopold and Loeb for murdering 14-year-old Robert "Bobby"
-Clarence Darrow was born in the small town of Kinsman, Ohio, on April 18, 1857, the fifth son of Amirus and Emily Darrow -
jane addams
-known as the "mother" of social work, was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace.
-She co-founded, with Ellen Gates Starr, an early settlement house in the United States, Chicago's Hull House that would later become known as one of the most famous settlement houses in America.
-the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize -
18th Amendments
-The Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal.
-The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification, and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states.
-The Amendment was in effect for the following 13 years. -
upton sinclair
-was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres.
- Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943.
-He was a Novelist, writer, journalist, political activist, politician -
Third Parties politics
-In electoral politics, a third party is any party contending for votes that failed to outpoll either of its two strongest rivals.
-The distinction is particularly significant in two-party systems.
-In any case "third" is often used figuratively, as in "the third parties", where the intent, literally stated, is "the third and succeeding parties".
