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Black Codes
These laws were put in place in the southern states after the Civil War to make sure that even though blacks were free, they still couldnt be considered as good as white people. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
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Sharecropping/Tenant Farming
After the Civil War, southern farmers had land but no money and no will to work while freed slaves had no land but the will to work. Together they made a plan to let the freed slaves work on theit land for money, making it a win-win for both sides. -
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. Though the amendment formally abolished slavery throughout the United States, factors such as Black Codes, white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes continued to subject some black Americans to involuntary labor, particularly in the South. -
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. In addition, it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” -
15th Amendment
granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Through the use of poll taxes, literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African Americans in the Sout -
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Lynching
This was a type of violent protest where they characterized public executions. Lynchings took place most frequently against African-American men in the southern U.S. after the American Civil War and the emancipation of all slaves -
Plessy v Ferguson
A United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. -
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Thurgood Marshall
He was most known for being a lawyer on the Brown v Board case, a decision that desegregated public schools. He served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit after being appointed by President John F. Kennedy and then served as the Solicitor General after being appointed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. President Johnson nominated him to the United States Supreme Court in 1967. -
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Orville Faubus
He is best known for his 1957 stand against the desegregation of the Little Rock School District during the Little Rock Crisis, in which he defied a unanimous decision of the United States Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop black students from attending Little Rock Central High School. -
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Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks was a female civil rights activist who refused to get up after a white man wanted a seat on the bus. She is also known as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". Though she was not the first to resist getting up from her seat, she is the most memorable mostly because of her looks. -
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Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Issued under President Woodrow Wilson in 1913, Jim Crow Laws followed the Black Codes which segregated blacks from whites. They didnt end until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which overruled them. -
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Hector P Garcia
A Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum. In 1948, García founded the American GI Forum, organizing veterans to fight for educational and medical benefits, and later, against poll taxes and school segregation. A proud member of the Greatest Generation, García sought the inclusion of Mexican Americans into mainstream America. -
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Lester Madox
He refused to serve black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, in defiance of the Civil Rights Act. On February 5, 1965 a federal court ruled that Maddox was in contempt of court for failing to obey the injunction and assigned fines of two hundred dollars a day for failing to serve African Americans. Maddox ultimately closed his restaurant on February 7, 1965 rather than integrate it. -
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George Wallace
In September 1963, Wallace attempted to stop four black students from enrolling in four separate elementary schools in Huntsville. After intervention by a federal court in Birmingham, the four children were allowed to enter on September 9, becoming the first to integrate a primary or secondary school in Alabama. -
19th Amendment
Guarantees all American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation and protest. Black males were allowed to vote before white women were. A lot of strong women faught hard to get this amendment adopted by the constitution. -
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Betty Friedan
An American writer, activist, and feminist. Her book, The Feminine Mystique, was said to have sparked the second wave of feminism throughout the 20's, which is when they finally got their right to vote. She was the first president of the NOW(National Organization for Women). Friedan organized the nationwide Women's Strike for Equality on August 26, the 50th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granting women the right to vote. -
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Cesar Chavez
A Mexican American, Chavez became the best known Latino American civil rights activist, and was strongly promoted by the American labor movement, which was eager to enroll Hispanic members. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. -
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Martin Luther King Jr
Known for his "I Had a Dream" speech, King was an American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities. He was assassinated by James Earl Ray. -
20th Amendment
established the beginning of the terms of the President and Vice President as January 20, and of members of Congress as January 3. It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no President-elect. -
Federal Housing Authority
It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. The banking crisis of the 1930s forced all lenders to retrieve due mortgages; refinancing was not available, and many borrowers, now unemployed, were unable to make mortgage payments. Consequently, many homes were foreclosed, causing the housing market to plummet. -
Brown v Board
United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." -
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Civil Disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Martin Luther King was a part of this and has a quote that says "One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws". -
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
After Rosa Parks refused to get up from her seat and was escorted off of the bus and arrested, the people began to protest by not riding the bus anymore. This was effective because the buses income was coming from these riders and by not riding the buses they couldve put them out of business. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
This act was the first civil rights legislation since reconstruction. The new act established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote. This means that nobody can get in the way of somebody trying to vote. It also stopped the government from taxing citizens to vote. This way, the poor could vote too -
Sit-ins
The Greensborrow sit-ins launched a wave of other nonviolent protests and nonviolent sit-ins across the country. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative action grants special consideration to racial minorities and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy became the first to utilize the term "affirmative action" in Executive Order 10925 to ensure that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." -
24th Amendment
Prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. This means that they cant charge you a fee in order to vote. They made this a law so that anyone can vote no matter what their financial condition. This allows poor people the chance to have a say in what happens with their country so that maybe they wont have to be poor anymore. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act made sure that nobody was discriminated against because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. Kennedy wanted this law but Johnson was the one in office when it was passed. -
Title IX
This didnt allow discrimination against sex in any federally funded education program or activity. This means that just because you were a girl you couldnt be discriminated against in which the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT is paying for it. This shows the long run that women have had to come through in order to be where they are today. I wasnt surprised when we got a black male president before we got a female president. -
26th Amendment
Prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States who are at least eighteen years old. The age limit was dropped from 21 to 18 when the Vietnam War was going on because people proposed that if they were old enough to fight and die for their country at 18 then they should be able to vote and have a say in what goes on politically when they are 18 as well.
