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500 BCE
Confucianism was founded
-Main ideology for China
-Founded by Confucius
-Oppressed women since women were under their husbands in a relationship -
Period: 476 to 900
Low Middle Ages
-Struggle to survive
-The only salvation was Christianity
-After the fall of the Roman Empire
-Led to agricultural innovation
-Allowed for Europe to continue into a process of cerealization and urbanization.
-Used nitrogen-bearing crops such as clover, alfa alfa, and turnips -
Period: 750 to 1258
Abbasid Caliphate
-Major Muslim state at the time
-Caliph was the head and was revered to basically as divine
-Dubbed themselves the Shadow of God on Earth, as opposed to the Umayyad Caliph, which did not claim divinity
-Ended due to the invasion of Baghdad by the Mongols -
Period: 800 to 1000
The Kingdom of Ghana
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Period: 960 to 1279
Song Dynasty
-Filial piety, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism.
-Grand Canal expanded.
-Heavy use of champa rice, which was resistant to drought.
-Lots of steel and porcelain exports.
-Used paper money.
-Defaults to bureaucracy -
1000
The practice of footbinding was conceived
-
Period: 1000 to 1300
High Middle Ages
-Better than the Low Middle Ages -
Period: 1000 to 1206
Mongol Life Prior to Gengis
-Practiced pastoral nomadism -
Period: 1095 to 1492
Crusades
-Series of “holy wars” where Christians tried to take back Muslim land.
-First Crusade was launched by Pope Urban II
-Says Deus Vult, which drives Christians to take land in the name of God -
1100
Europe begins establishing universities
-Liberal arts such as arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, music, logic, grammar, and rhetoric -
Period: 1206 to 1526
Delhi Sultanate
-Mostly Turkish people who had converted to Islam (outside of the caliphate).
-Some blending of Hindu and Islamic traditions. -
Period: 1206 to 1277
Genghis Khan's life and rule
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1215
Magna Carta signed
-Guaranteed citizens right to a fair trial.
-Agreed to by King John of England -
1227
Genghis dies, creating 4 Khanates
-Golden Horde of Russia
-Ilkhanate of the Middle East
-Chagatai of Central Asia
-Yuan Dynasty of China -
Period: 1235 to
The Kingdom of Mali
-Absorbs what Ghana had
-Was notable for taxing the Transaharan Trade Network -
Period: 1250 to 1517
Mamluk Empire
-Slave soldiers that overthrew their Mongol and Ayyubid masters
-Established their own kingdom
-Planned a Coup de tat and won in the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 and defeated the Mongols -
1258
Mongols sack Baghdad
-The end of the Abbasid Caliphate -
Period: 1271 to 1285
Failed Mongol invasion of Japan
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Period: 1271 to 1295
Marco Polo’s travels
-Travelled most importantly to China during the Yuan Dynasty, during Kublai Khan's rule
-Italian merchant
-Writes "The Travels"
-Mentions in the literature of how spectacular China is -
Period: 1279 to 1368
Yuan Dynasty
-Practiced religious tolerance.
-Traditional Chinese arts and literature grew. -
Period: 1299 to
Ottoman Empire
-Highly bureaucratic form of government.
-Used the devshirme system that took Christian boys at a young age and trained them to serve the state in positions such as Janissaries.
-Though it was officially Islamic, the Ottoman Empire ruled over millets (or communities that were not Islamic) who had to pay the jizyah tax to practice their own religion.
-Used firearms. -
Period: 1300 to 1500
Late Middle Ages
-Known for the Black Death
-Europeans began expanding trade
-Huge demand for Asian goods, especially spices. -
1324
Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage
-Mansa Musa obtained gold by taxing traders who entered and left Mali, his Islamic state kingdom
-Richest man alive
-Spread gold around during his pilgrimage
-Caused inflation -
1325
Tenochitlan founded
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Period: 1325 to 1354
Ibn Battuta’s travels
-Wrote about the regions he travelled to
-Islamic -
Period: 1337 to 1453
100 Year War
-Series of battles between England and France over the succession of the French throne
-King Edward of England says he is the rightful ruler of France
-Led to the creation of the longbows in England
-Led to the creation of cannons in Europe
-Overall weakens the state integrity of France and England -
1346
Black Death breaks out in China
-
Period: 1347 to 1388
Black Death in Europe
-Killed off 60% of Europe
-Travelled through trade routes, hitting the Italians first -
1350
Christian Church in Europe begins to rise
-Adherents would donate land to the church -
Period: 1368 to
Ming Dynasty
-Built Forbidden City.
-Revived civil service exam. -
Period: 1405 to 1433
Zheng He’s voyages
-Allowed China to show it's glory to other states -
Period: 1428 to 1521
Aztec Empire
-Built chinampas– “floating gardens” or islands for agriculture over their swampy land.
-Human sacrifice. -
Period: 1438 to 1533
Inca Empire
-Used quipus (knotted cords) in place of writing.
-Extensive road system.
-Terrace farming.
-Used Mita system as labor system– everyone had to work periodically for the state in some form (later taken by Spanish).
-Practiced censuses -
1440
Printing press invented
-Followed by mass production of books, namely the Bible -
1441
Start of Atlantic slave trade
-
Period: 1450 to 1480
Russia overthrows Mongol rule in Moscow
-
1453
Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
-Constantinople is renamed to Instanbul -
Period: 1464 to
Songhai Empire
-One of the largest states in African history -
1492
Columbus sails to the “New World”/Spain begins to colonize the Americas/Columbian Exchange begins
-Spanish Empire used the hacienda and encomienda system, as well as a caste system based on race. -
1492
Columbian Exchange
-“New World” trades corn, potatoes, tobacco, and rubber.
-“Old World” trades livestock, smallpox, influenza, and coffee (the “Old World” side of this exchange will lead to the death of millions of Native Americans who are not immune to these diseases). -
1497
Portugal starts colonizing the Americas
-Obtains only Brazil -
1498
Vasco da Gama reaches India
-Start of European influence in the Indian Sea
-Went around the south of Africa towards India -
Period: 1501 to
Safavid Empire
-Largest Sh’ia empire at the time– at odds with the Sunni Ottoman Empire. -
1517
Protestant Reformation begins with Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
-Caused an entire branch of Christianity to be made, called Protestant
-Protestant is anything against the Catholic Church -
Period: 1519 to 1521
Magellan sails around the world (and dies in the Philippines)
-
Period: 1526 to
Mughal Empire
-Akbar practiced religious tolerance, inviting people of different religions to debate with him and removing the jizyah tax. He also supported the arts.
-Aurangzeb, on the other hand, persecuted Hindus and Sikhs and contributed to the empire’s decline. -
1534
First enslaved peoples come to the Americas
-
1534
France begins to colonize the Americas
-
1543
Copernicus shares ideas about a heliocentric universe
-
1545
Discovery of silver at Potosi mine
-Led to silver being traded across the globe
-Led to the enslavement and exploitation of the native populations in the Americas -
Period: 1550 to
Scientific Revolution
-Developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. -
1552
Russian Empire begins
-
Period: 1556 to
Akbar the Great rules the Mughal Empire
-Highly tolerant concerning religion
-Gained the support of many non-Muslims -
1571
Founding of Manila and beginning of global trade
-Manila was a trading port -
British East India Company founded
-Responsible to the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
-Responsible centralizing the power of the nation's government and uniting its people. -
Dutch East India Company founded
-Dominated trade in the Indian Ocean -
Britain begins colonizing the Americas with Jamestown
-
Period: to
Tokugawa Japan establishes isolationism
-
Period: to
Louis XIV rules France; absolute monarchy in France
-
Dutch Boers colonize South Africa
-
Period: to
Qing (Manchu) Empire
-Foreigners (the Manchu) rule China.
-New elite blend their ideas with old Han traditions.
-Enforce a single hairstyle and dress.
-Largest of the Chinese empires. -
Glorious Revolution in England
-Catholic King James II was overthrown
-Replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange -
Period: to
Peter the Great rules and westernizes Russia
-
Early steam engine invented
-
Period: to
The Enlightenment
-Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, skepticism, and science -
Period: to
7 Years' War
-Between the great powers of Europe
-Caused fights between the colonies of Europe as well. -
Battle of Plassey begins English colonization in India
-
Period: to
First Industrial Revolution
-Caused by coal, iron, and the transition from cottage industries to factories -
Period: to
American Revolution
-Declaration of Independence would be copied by other states -
Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith published
-
March of the Women
-Louis XVI contributed nothing to the nation and just enjoyed himself in the Palace of Versaille
-20,000 women march from Paris to Versaille to force Louis XVI to go back to Paris so attend kingly duties
-He was still useless in Paris -
Period: to
French Revolution
-Wanted to get rid of the monarchy
-Included the Reign of Terror, led by Maximilien Robespierre, in which many people who opposed Robespierre were massacred -
Declaration of the Right of Women and the French Citizen was written
-Written by Olympe de Gouges, who fought for women's equality -
Period: to
Haitian Revolution
-Self-freed slaves fighting for their independence -
Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft published
-Beginning of feminism. -
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
-
Period: to
Napoleonic Wars
-The era in which Napoleon and France were attacking other nation in Europe for glory -
Bank of France
-Established by Napoleon
-Stabilized the French economy -
Period: to
Latin American Revolutions
-Many led by Simon Bolivar. -
Congress of Vienna
-Meeting to discuss the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars -
Period: to
Opium Wars
-Battles between England and China, in which England wants China to open their ports to trade
-English dominates this battle -
Communist Manifesto published
-
Seneca Falls Convention
-First women's right convention -
Period: to
Taiping Rebellion
-Rebellion against the Qing rulers of China
-France and the British assist the Qing rulers to put an end to the rebellion -
Commodore Perry opens Japan
-America sent Perry to park ships outside of Japan's border
-Japan was forced to surrender and open up trade with the US
-Japan was given gifts of Westernization from America -
Sepoy Rebellion in India
-Sepoys were Indian soldiers in the British Army
-Started because there were rumors of weaponry being made out of animal skin -
Suez Canal built by Britain in Egypt
-Linked the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean
-Ships from Europe no longer needed to travel around Africa -
Russian serfs freed
-
Emancipation Proclamation in U.S.
-Abolished slavery in the US -
Meiji Restoration in Japan
-Restored traditional imperialistic rule to Japan -
Period: to
Second Industrial Revolution
-Steel instead of iron
-Japan is involved this time
-Search for new materials, such as palm oil and rubber, in which Africa has -
Germany unified under Otto von Bismarck
-
Berlin Conference
-Beginning of European “scramble for Africa”.
-Called by Bismarck -
Spanish-American War
-U.S. acquires Guam, Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. -
Boer War in Africa
-Between the Dutch Boer and British -
Period: to
Boxer Rebellion
-Boxers were Kung Fu martial artists in China
-Destroyed and killed anything related to industrialization or western idea in China
-Europeans come to China to put down the rebellion -
Period: to
Russo-Japanese War
-The Japanese absolutely destroy the Russians -
Period: to
Mexican Revolution