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Plessy V. Ferguson
was decision by the Supreme Court in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for the public. -
Banned Discrimination
President Roosevelt banned discrimination in defense industries because of race, color, creed, or national orgin -
CORE
In chicago, Illinois in 1942 the Congress of Racial Equality was established -
An American Dilemma
Gunnar Myrdal's publication in 1944 of An American Dilemma brought the issue of American prejudice in the eyes of the people -
VietCong established
South Vietnam fought against the United States during the Vietnam War. Vietcong stands for a group of Vietnam Communists. This group is made up of both North and South Vietnamese people. They often used guerilla warfare as a war tactic. -
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson joins the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first African American to play major league baseball -
Desegregation of the Military
In 1948, Truman used his executive power to order desegregation of the military -
NAACP's success
In 1950, one of the NAACP's major successes was the Brown v. Board of Education; this outlawed segregation in public schools. It was now unconstitutional to segregate children in schools. this established the "separate-but-equal" enviroment in schools across Topeka, Kansas and throughout the United States. -
BEAT Movement
The Beat Generation was an American social movement. It originated in the 1950's and was centered in the bohemian artist communities. These people expressed how they felt alienated from the conventional society with their style and "hip" vocabulary. These people consisted mostly of jazz musicians. -
Rosa Parks
With Rosa Rarks refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a city bus in 1955. Rosa Parks helped initiate the civil rights movement in the United States -
Southern Manifesto
In 1956, about 100 southern members of congress endorsed "The Southern Manifesto". Southern Manifesto was a document written in February and March 1956 about racial discrimination in public places -
SCLC
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's ability to participate in the society and state without discrimination. -
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. -
NASA was Created
NASA was creates in the response to the Soviet Union launching its first satellite in 1957. NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration, it was a civilian agency responsible for the Americans activities in space -
Castro Overthrew the Regime
The U.S. government had supported Batista, a former soldier and Cuban dictator. Castro seized power for a second time in a 1952. After Castro and a group of followers, landed in Cuba to unseat the dictator in December 1956, the U.S. continued to back Batista in this event -
SDS Formation
SDS stands for Students for a Democratic Society. The SDS was a student activist organization in the United States with a goals to bring peace to the world . The SDS had around 50,000 active members and they flourished the United States in the late 1960's -
James Lawson speech
In April 1960, Ella Baker invited James Lawson to give the keynote speech at SNCC’s founding meeting. In Lawson's speech, he stated “We affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of our purpose, the presupposition of our belief, and the manner of our action.” -
SNCC
The SNCC, or Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, was a civil-rights group formed to give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights movement. -
Worst racial riot
The worst racial riot lasted for days. The riot started because a police officer shot to death an unarmed black male teenager. The peaceful protest took place the night after the death in St. Louis demonstrating their sadness. This peaceful protest quickly turned violent. -
Hippie Nation
The Hippie developments began as a youth movement in 1960's. Around 1967, the fundamentals of the Hippies began; these included: the use of recreational drugs, communal living, experimentation of music, etc... -
Sit-in
On Feb. 1, 1960, four black college students, Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, David Richmond and Ezell Blair, sat down at a “whites-only” lunch counter at a Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. -
Boynton v. Virginia
Boynton v. Virginia, was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The case overturned a judgment convicting an African American law student for trespassing by being in a restaurant in a bus terminal which was "whites only". It held that racial segregation in public transportation was illegal, which prohibited discrimination on public transportation. -
Freedom Rides
Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides protest segregated bus terminals. Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters at bus stations in Alabama, South Carolina and other Southern states. -
Kennedy as President
on January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy or JFK for short, was elected President of the United States of America. He was the 35th President and served his term from 1961-1963 when he was killed in Dallas, Texas. The majority of Kennedy's Presidency, he had to deal with the height of the Cold War and with relations with the Soviet Union -
Peace Corps
On March 1, 1961, President John F. Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps as a new agency. Kennedy asked for funding which sent trained American men and women to help with developmental efforts throughout the world. -
CIA Invasion
On April 17, 1961, 1,400 Cuban exiles launched what became a botched invasion on the south coast of Cuba. Fidel Castro came to power in an armed revolt that overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. -
Berlin wall
By 1961, Cold War tensions over Berlin were running high again. For East Germans dissatisfied with life under the communist system, West Berlin was a gateway to the democratic West. Germans were Fleeding to Berlin to escape the Communism -
Desegregation with James Meredith
Meredith won a federal court case in 1962 with the help of the NAACP allowing him to attend the university and forcing the school to desegregate. He graduated from Ole Miss in 1963. -
First American to Orbit Earth
John Glean, an engineer, was the first American to orbit the Earth; circling it approximately three times before landing. He was one of the Mercury Seven military test pilots selected as one of the nations first astronauts to orbit the Earth. -
SCLC targeted Burmingham
In April 1963 King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference joined with Birmingham. In a massive direct action campaign to attack the city’s segregation system by putting pressure on Birmingham’s merchants during the Easter season, the second biggest shopping season of the year. -
Martin Luther King Jr. wrote letter
The Letter from Birmingham Jail, also known as the Letter from Birmingham City Jail and The Negro Is Your Brother, is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resolution to racism. -
Black students into Alabama
The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door took place at Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama. George Wallace, the Democratic Governor of Alabama, wanted to stop the desegregation of schools. -
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
he Partial Test Ban Treaty is the abbreviated name of the 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, which prohibited all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for those conducted underground. -
James Meredith Graduates
Meredith was escorted onto the Ole Miss campus, setting off riots that resulted in the deaths of two students. He returned the next day and began classes. Meredith, who was a transfer student from all-black Jackson State College, graduated the next year. -
March on Washington
The March on Washington was a massive protest march that occurred. When some 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Also known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans. MLK delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech. -
Bombing at the Church in Birmingham
On September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded at the 16th Street Baptist Church as church members prepared for Sunday services. The racially motivated attack killed four young girls and shocked the nation. -
Kennedy was Killed
Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, TX; Crowds of excited people lined the streets and waved to the Kennedys. The car turned off Main Street at Dealey Plaza around 12:30 p.m. As it was passing the Texas School Book Depository, gunfire suddenly reverberated in the plaza. Bullets struck the president's neck and head and he slumped over toward Mrs. Kennedy. The governor was shot in his back. 1:00 p.m. John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead. -
24th Amendment
On January 23, 1964, the United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials. -
Beatles in the US
On February 7, 1964 was a day for history to remember; this was the day of the Beatles invasion of the United States. Thousands of Beatles fans from around the world filled into Heathrow. There were massive press people there, there were journalists everywhere, there were screaming fans holding up banners, etc... -
Freedom Summer Riot
The Freedom Summer project was a march for voting registry. Mississippi blacks wanted to exercise their right and be able to vote. -
Economic Opportunity Act
This act allowed the formation of local community action agencies to help with the war on poverty. The purpose of the Economic Opportunity Act was to strengthen, supplement, and coordinate efforts to help the ones in need -
Voting Rights Law
The voting rights act aimed to achieve equal voting rights for all citizens. This included prohibition against racial and language discrimination in voting. -
Voting Rights Act
The voting rights act, enforced the fifteenth amendment more. This act brought new attention to the to the issue of voting rights. The Voting Rights Act, was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. -
Malcolm X dying
On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X assassinated. Malcolm X was an African American nationalist and religious leader. He was assassinated by rival Black Muslims while addressing his Organization about African American Unity -
Bloody Sunday
600 people began a 54 mile march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery. These people were remembering Jimmie Jackson who was shot trying to protect his mother during a civil rights demonstration. The march ended with 17 marchers hospitalized and 50 with lesser injuries. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
President Lyndon B. Johnson, a former teacher, believed that equal access to education was important. This act authorized the government to make educational opportunities equal for all children. Federal educational dollars to the most disadvantaged children who are living in areas with poverty. Giving money to children who live in poverty, resulted in the expansion of state departments for education. This forced the education departments to make greater education policies. -
Medicare and Medicaid
President Johnson signed the bill that lead to Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. Medicare includes Hospital insurance. More benefits, like prescription coverage have now been offered. Medicaid gives Medical Insurance to the people who are getting cash assistance. These people included: low-income families, pregnant women, people with disabilities, and long-term care patients. -
Water Quality Act
The water quality act of 1965, ensured the safety of surface and ground waters. The concern of the water began in 1948 with the Water Pollution Control Act. The legislation directed the states to develop water quality standards. Federal initiative was deemed necessary since many waterways crossed state boundaries. -
Black Power
The term "Black Power" is a slogan that popularized between the 60's and 80's. This slogan aimed at achieving self-determination for black people. -
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety act was a program establishment of safety standards to reduce the amount of motor vehicle accidents. This act also wanted to reduce the amount of unreasonable risk of death or injury in the case an accident does occur. -
Clean Water Restoration Act
On November 3rd 1966, President Johnson signed the Clean Water Restoration act. This act enforced states to set water quality standards for all interstate waters that crossed state boundaries. The state provided funds to the states, to help make the water quality standards possible -
Air Quality Act
The Air Quality Act was enforced to expand federal government activities. Enforcement was initiated in areas subject to the most pollution, this included: interstates and big cities. The government conducted an extensive amount of monitoring and studies to make sure the act was being enforced. -
Race Riots
The 1967 Detroit Riots were among the most violent and destructive riots in U.S. history. By the time the bloodshed, burning and looting ended after five days, 43 people were dead, 342 injured, nearly 1,400 buildings had been burned and some 7,000 National Guard and U.S. Army troops had been called into service. -
Martin Luther King's death
On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr., was fatally shot in the Lorraine Motel, located in Memphis, Tennessee. He passed away at 7:05 p.m. James Earl Ray, was the one that fatally shot King. -
Tet-Offensive
The Tet Offensive was a series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces on cities and towns throughout South Vietnam. These attacks were considered the turning point in the Vietnam War -
Affirmative Action Program
The Affirmative Action Program was a set of laws put in place to correct specific forms of discrimination in government- mandated programs. The laws focused on access to education and employment to groups of racial minorities and women. -
Tinker v. Des Moines
The Tinker v. Des Moines court case that deemed students' rights to free speech in public schools. Mary Beth Tinker and a group of her friends decided to wear black armbands to protest the Vietnam war. When Tinker arrived at school, she was asked to remove the arm band and got suspended as well as her friend; this sparked many protests. The students and their families embarked on a four year court battle for them to allow the freedom of speech in public schools. -
Landing on the moon
Neil Armstrong, was the first man to ever walk on the moon. Apollo 11 was the rocket ship that went up to the moon. The rocket carried three men: Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Michael Collins. Four days after the take off, the three men landed on the moon. Out of the three men Neil Armstrong was the first man to step onto the moon. -
Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency was established to combine many agencies into one. The agency included federal research, monitoring, standard-setting, and enforcement activities; this ensured the environmental protection. -
18 to Vote
July 1, 1971 was the day North Carolina became the 38th state to allow eighteen year olds to vote. Robert Kunzig, the head of the General Services Administration, was the person to certify the adoption of the 26th amendment.
