Transformation of Europe

The First Crusades

Jan 1, 1095

http://www.history.com/topics/crusadesPope Urban the second wanted to take back the Holy Land from the Muslims. He sent Christain warriors ( the crusades) to the Middle East to take over the Holy Land. The Crusades found new trade routes and information while traveling. That led to the rebirth in Italy known as the Renaissance.

The Second Crusades

Jan 1, 1149

http://www.medievality.com/second-crusade.html
The second crusades had the same purpose has the first crusades. The second crusades failed but they affected Europe in a positive way because they spreaded knowledge from Europe through the Middle East.

The Third Crusades

Jan 1, 1189

After the second crusades failed they tried again later. The European leaders were fighting for the holy land for three years. Although they captured multiple cities they did captue Jerusale the most important one. While they were fighting for three years they managed to spread a lot of information between different parts of Europe and the Middle East.

Gutenberg invents printing press

Jan 1, 1439

The printing press allowed more people to have books. Therefore it allowed people to share knowledge and ideas. More people were able to read the Bible which lead to people making their own ideas about the Bible.

Leonardo da Vinci

Jan 1, 1490

http://www.history.com/topics/leonardo-da-vinci
Leonardo da Vinci made achievements in painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy. He lead to a lot of discoveries in anatomy and a lot of other achievements which lead to a bigger interest in knowledge and science.

Michelangelo painting in the Sistine Chapel

Jan 1, 1508

<a href='http://www.italianrenaissance.org/a-closer-look-michelangelos-painting-of-the-sistine-chapel-ceiling/'
The Sistine Chapel is an example of when the Catholic church started focusing on the people instead just being a powerful religious group that was very strict and took money from the people.

Protestant Reformation

Oct 31, 1517

http://www.history.com/topics/reformation
The Protestant Reformation was started with Martin Luther who questioned the Catholic church with his 95 theses. It led to the fight for religious freedom and the church having less authority.

Heliocentric theory

Jan 1, 1543

Nicolaus Copernicus figures out that all the planets revolve around the Sun including Earth. This leads to an interest in astronomy because with this new information people could do more research in astronomy. It also makes people question the world around them which also makes people interested in science.

William Harvey demonstrates circulation of blood.

Jan 1, 1578

William Harvey was the first to demonstrate that the circulation of blood through the human body is continuous which disproved what was believed before about blood circulation. This rose many question about how the body worked. This information allowed people to do more reasearch. It also helped doctors be able to help people more.

Galileo's telescope

Jan 1, 1609

The telescope shows how people during the scientific revolution were making huge advancements in technology. It led to people making big discoveries in astronomy.