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Permissive Period
Tolerance and harmless neglect toward the many languages represented in the new society.
Identity is linked to language and new immigrant communities would hold on to their native language for religious services, community newspapers, and schools. -
Permissive Period
Many states passed laws authorizing bilingual education in schools.
German: Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, Oregon
Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish: Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Washington
Dutch: Michigan
Polish and Italian: Wisconsin
Czech: Texas Spanish in the Southwest -
Start of Repressive Policies
Repressive policies appeared for many reasons. Cultural genocide of Indians began at this time, language policies were put into place and attempts to 'civilize" Indians began. -
Promotion of English-only school laws
The American Protective Association promoted English-only school laws. Wisconsin and Illinois adopted them in 1889. -
Founding of the Immigration Restriction League
Discussion of literacy tests for immigrants began at this time. -
Naturalization Act
The Naturalization Act said that in order for immigrants to become naturalized citizens they must speak English. -
34 States - English-only Instruction
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Anti-German hostility causes push for monolingualism
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Sputnik
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National Defense Education Act
One primary goal was to raise the level of foreign-language education in the United States. -
Cuban Revolution of 1959
During the Cuban Revolution, many exiled Cubans came to the United States with the intention that their stay would be short lived. They wanted to return home some day and so they wanted their children to maintain speaking Spanish as well as keep much of their culture. -
Coral Way Elementary School
In Dade County, Florida the Cuban community established a very successful bilingual education program at Coral Way Elementary School. This stimulated other programs for bilingual education across the United States. -
Immigration Act
The Immigration Act revoked the Naturalization Act of 1906. -
Lau v. Nicholos
The Lau v. Nicholos Supreme Court case was a class action law suit which represented 1800 Chinese student who alleged discrimination because they were not able to achieve academically due to the fact that they could not speak English. -
Equal Opportunities Act
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Castaneda v Pickard
The school district in Raymondville, Texas was charged with violating the civil rights of ELL students under the Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974. -
California Proposition 187
A ballot initiative to decrease illegal immigration by putting strong restrictions on the social and educational services that undocumented immigrants could receive. -
California Proposition 227
This ballot initiative stated that English should be the primary language in which language-minority students were taught.