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Massachusetts
General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony decrees that every town of fifty families should have an elementary school and that every town of 100 families should have a Latin school. The Law of 1647 required that towns of fifty families hire a schoolmaster who would teach children to read and write. The Law of 1647 required that towns of fifty families hire a schoolmaster who would teach children to read and write. Towns of a hundred families must have a grammar schoolmaster. -
New York
Wealthy business men form to educate poor children. Schools are run by Lancasterian model, in where hundreds of students can be taught by one single person "master". School emphasize discipline and obedience. The master teaches the older students , then they pass to the younger one. -
Native Americans
Congress makes it illegal for Native American to be taught in their own language. Children as young as 4 year-olds are taken away from their parents. Children are taken to Bureau of Indian Affairs off-reservation boarding schools. An BIA official stated the goal was to " kill the Indian to save the man." -
Period: to
African Americans
African Americans are able to bring public education to the South for the first time. Legal end of slavery. African Americans make alliances with the white Republicans to have political changes. For the first time rewriting state constitutions to guarantee free public education. In practice white children benefit more than Black children. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
U.S supreme Court Rules that the state of Louisiana has the right to require "separate but equal" railroad for Blacks and whites. Federal government recognizes segregation as legal. Resulting southern states to pass laws requiring racial segregation in public schools. Court ruled that the 14th was not being violated because it didn't apply to "social rights" like sitting where ever you chose too. -
Intelligence testing
A survey of 150 districts reveals that three quarters of them are using a so called intelligence test. Students are being placed in different academic tracks. -
Horace Mann
Attorney, politician and reformer of the U.S. of public education Mann transformed the nations schools. He becomes Massachusetts's first secretary in Education. He rebuilt inferior schools, instituted teacher training and ensured widespread access to education for children and adults. Edmund Dwight, thinks a state board of education is important to factory owners offers to add state salary with his ow money. -
Brown v. The Board of Education, Topeka
The practice "separate but equal" was unconstitutional . The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People challenges the Plessy decision in which the segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. . Supreme court agrees that segregated schools are "inherently unequal" and must be abolished. Almost 15yrs later in 1998 schools, especially in the North were as segregated as ever. -
Little Rock
Nine African American are prevented to enter school. Governor Orval Faubus sends his National Guard to physically stop them from entering. As order from the federal court of the integration, President Eisenhower sends federal troops to enforce the order and escort the nine students to school. -
Title IX
Protects people form discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities that receive Federal Financial assistance . No person in the United States shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation or be denied benefits or be subject to discrimination. Includes state and local educational agencies, charter schools, for-profit schools, libraries, and museums. Recipients obligations include: recruitment, admissions, counseling, parenting students discipline and employment. -
Keyes v. School District No. 1
One of the first segregation cases in the northern United States. In a Denver school Latinos and African-American student claimed de jure segregation. Court ruled that a significant part of the district was practicing de jure segregation. Court ruled a school cannot be consider desegregated only because of the both groups, Latinos and African- Americans were both similarly being discriminated. School system violated the Equal Protection Clause. -
1974
Milliken v. Bradley. A Supreme Court made up of Richard Nixon's appointees rules that schools may not be desegregated across school districts. Students of color legally get segregated in inner-city districts from white students in wealthier districts. -
Education of all Handicapped Children
Enacted by the United States congress in 1975. Public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education for children with physical and mental disabilities. Public schools were required to evaluate disabled children and with input with the parents come up with a plan that emulate the educational experience of non- disabled students. In 1997, it was enacted as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). -
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson proposes a two-track educational system, with different tracks in his words for "the laboring and the learned." Scholarship would allow a very few of the laboring class to advance, Jefferson says, by "raking a few geniuses from the rubbish." -
Pyler v. Doe
Texas statue which with holds from local schools districts any state funds for the education of children who weren't " legally admitted' into the United States. The law also, authorized local school districts to deny enrollment to such children. But in 1982, the Supreme Court issued the decision that states, cannot constitutionally deny students a free public education regardless of their immigration status. -
Pfeiffer v. Marion Center Area School District
On the discovery of her pregnancy a female student was dismissed for having premarital sex, from her school’s National Honor Society. Faculty council claimed her behaviors were inconsistent with the values that were expected. District found no violation of Title IX, however the Court of Appeals later on it was discovered that a unmarried parenting male was not dismissed, therefor ordered the district court to consider. -
California
Proposition 187 passes. It is illegal for children of immigrants to attend public school. Anti-immigrant feelings spread across the country. -
Ron Unz
The multimillionaire Unz puts a measure on the 1998 ballot. He makes the bilingual education illegal in California,
