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Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1647 the General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony authorized that every town of fifty families should have an elementary school. Also that a town of 100 families should have a Latin school. The goal of this would be for the Puritan children to learn how to read the bible. They also wanted to be able to receive basic information about their Calvinist religion. -
Thomas Jefferson
The proposal of a two-track educational system was by Thomas Jefferson. He states that these two tracks will be "the laboring and the learned". With scholarships, some of the laboring class was able to advance. By doing this Jefferson stated " raking a few geniuses from the rubbish". -
Northwest Territory
To what was to become the state of Ohio was surveyed by the Continental Congress because they passed a law. This law created townships to reserve a portion of the township for a local school. To create the townships the Congress assumes it had the right to give away or sell Native people's land. The land grant went to the US system of "land grant universities " to the state public universities that we know today. -
Free Public Education
In 1790 Pennsylvania State Constitution called for free public education only for poor children. They expected wealthy families to pay for their children's schooling. This is a real revolution for poor families because they won't be able to pursue higher education due to their economic status. -
Common School Movement
Common schools were a system of publicly supported elementary and secondary schools. These schools were only for children of the poor and had a hard time believing publicly supported schools could exist for all children regarding social class, gender, religion, and ethnicity. European and colonial insistence that the parents worried about their children's education of efforts. this helped to give children equality in common schools and advance morals, social and economic interests. -
Irish Immigrants
In 1840 over a million Irish immigrated to the US. They did this by being driven out of their homes in Ireland by the potato famine. In New York City they struggle for the local neighborhood control of schools from the Irish Catholics. This prevented the children from being forced into a Protestant curriculum. -
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
The US supreme court decided to uphold the constitutionality of racial segregation. This occurred after the incident in 1892 when an African American train passenger, Homer Plessy, refused to in a car for black people. The court then rules the law that implies that there legal distinction between white people and black people which "wasn't unconstitutional". 13,14,15 amendment showed other people that there is a promising in the constitution that receded as white supremacy. -
NAACP
The NAACP brings up a series of Suits that began due to unequal teacher pay for black and white in southern states. During this time southern states realized they were losing African American labor to the northern cities. These sources of pressure resulted in increased spending on Black schools. This battle continued from 1930 to the 1950s. -
Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka
Oliver Brown's daughter, Linda Brown, was denied enrollment to multiple all-white schools. The father then files a class-action suit against the board of education of Topeka, Kansas in 1951. Within the case, he expresses how the all-black schools aren't equal to all-white schools and that segregation violates the "equal rotation clause" of the 14th amendment. WIth brown case and 4 others on May 17, 1954, the court rules that the plaintiffs were deprived of the 14th Amendment. -
Title IX
Title IX states "No one in the US should be excluded from participation on the basis of their sex". A student named Dorthy Raffel Klotz wanted to play basketball but there was no women team. She then files a lawsuit to gain the equal opportunity for sports for men and women in public schools. From this case, many students were able to take part in sports equally. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
This act is a federal law that requires public schools to provide appropriate educational services for all children with disabilities between 3 and 21. Before the law, one in five children with disabilities was only educated. This act opens the door for many students to give them an equal education just like everyone else. Besides giving these children a chance for education many other events such as having the teachers trained for these specific students occurred to support them more. -
Pyler v. Doe
Texas school district was able to deny enrollment of undocumented, non-citizen children. Those schools that served these children closed state funding so the children had to pay tuition in order to attend public school. In 1982 4 families filed a class-action suit against the Texas district because it violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. The final decision was undocumented children having the right to receive public education on the same basis as other childern.