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- Henry VIII, to consolidate his power, decided to disband the monasteries
- Their huge land and incomes were partly appropriated by the crown, partly redistributed among the nobility
- The king is the uncontested ruler of the state. All English subjects had to embrace the Church of England with the king at its head. Power is progressively centralised
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Established the Anglocalism
➡ The King was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England” -
Wales were finally integrated to the Kingdom of England in 1536 -
- An English bible was produced and made mandatory in churches. ➡ The Matthew Bible was first published by John Rogers, under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew". ➡ It combined the New Testament of William Tyndale, and as much of the Old Testament as he had been able to translate before being captured and put to death.
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"Lord Protector"
- He was only 9 when his father died.
- Edward was Protestant.
- Thomas Cranmer wrote the 42 Articles
- He died in 1553, aged 15.
-The country was bankrupt, and his more radical take on the reform was divisive. -
During his short reign, Edward VI tries to make the Church of England more Protestant.
The most important achievement of this process is the publication of the Book of Common Prayer in 1549, which replaced every nation's mass books in every church.
➡ It eventually led some rebellions in Cornwall and Devon. -
- Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon (First queen regnant ever)
- She wanted to restore Catholicism and make an alliance with the Habsburgs empire.
- She married Phillip II of Spain.
- She engaged England, allied with Spain, in a war against France. Calais was lost.
- Queen Mary I died of illness in 1558
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Mary of Guise was regent.
- In 1557 a revolt was led by John Knox, and in 1559 French troops tried to crush Presbyterian supporters. Then John Knox tried to convince Mary Stuart to adopt protestants ideas. -
In her first speech, Elizabeth presented the two bodies theory: she had a natural body (that of a woman, weak), and a political body (divine authority of the monarch)
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- Elizabeth was a sincere protestant.
- This new church of England, the Anglican church, was a compromise➡ it retained some catholic features and adopted protestants ideas.
- Elizabeth, already excommunicated, led an important repression of Catholics.
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After Mary’s reign, Elizabeth reaffirmed the authority of the queen over the church, she became “supreme governor of the church of England” -
Every parish had to use the book of common prayer, and people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
Stated the doctrine of the church, a revised and tamed version of Edward VI’s 42 article. It still is the main doctrinal frame for the Anglican church of today
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- Civil war in Scotland.
- Mary Queen of Scots had to escape in England, where she was imprisoned for 19 years.
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Mary Stuart had to abdicate in 1568 (for marriage reasons… and religion?) from then a war between her supporters and those who ruled the country in the name of her infant son James VI (raised as a protestant).
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Mary Stuart had to abdicate in 1568 which led to the Marian Civil War
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- Animated by the earls of Westmorland and Northumberland, they were backed by 6000 insurgents. Their aim was to replace Elizabeth y Mary,Queen of Scots (Catholic and next heir in line). The rebellion was crushed.
- In 1570, just after the rebellion, the Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth.
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Just after the rebellion, the Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth. -
-> Death penalty for converts; Catholic mass forbidden.
- About 150-200 persons were killed during the repression. -
In 1588, the King of Spain Philipp II will send the Spanish Armada to invade Britain. Due to weather conditions and a good naval strategy, the “invincible” armada will be defeated.
