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Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII
Reign of Henry VIII, the son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He was a catholic (he was theologically conservative until the pope refused his request for divorce). Indeed, he was best known for his book Assertio Septem Sacramentorum -
1517
the Ninety Five Theses
Written by Luther. Marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Europe -
1526
Tyndale Bible
It's the first translation of the New Testament in english. It's an illegal translation, so because of that Tyndale is burned alive in the public square -
1534
Act of supremacy
Henry VIII becomes the "Supreme Head of the Church of England". This act marks the seperation between England and Rome (the Pope) -
1539
Great Bible
The first bible translated in english which was accepted by Henry VIII. It's name came from its huge size -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Edward VI
Son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour. He was 10 when he became king. Under his reign, England became Protestant thaks to "Protectors" -
1549
Book of Common Prayer
This book was a temporary compromise between reformers and conservatives. It provided Protestants with a service free from what they considered superstition, while maintaining the traditional structure of the Mass. However, it was criticised by Protestants for being too traditional and was so replaced by Book of Common Prayer of 1552 -
Period: Jul 10, 1553 to Jul 19, 1553
Lady Jane Grey
Edward designates her as heiress against her will because she was Protestant. Indeed, Mary who was to be the one who ascended the throne after him, was a Catholic! So he didn't want the changes made during his reign to be wiped out... -
Period: Jul 20, 1553 to 1558
Mary I
She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. After the protestant reign of her brither, she restored Catholiscism in 18 months. She was married with Philip II of Spain -
Period: 1558 to
Elizabeth I
Considered as the "Virgin Queen" (the queen who never married) and as the people who has allowed the "Golden Age". She was protestant but she had to find a Via Media between Puritans and Catholics to avoid a Civil War so she decided to be tolerant with the Catholics until her excommunion by the Pope -
1559
Act of Uniformity
This Act is taken in order to standardize the sacraments in the Church of England by obliging all the prayer to used the Book of Common Prayer. Moreover, all the people had to go to church one time by week or to pay 12 pence -
1568
Bishops Bible
Revised in 1572 and 1602. It has served as a base for King James Bible -
1570
Excommunication of Elizabeth by the Pope
The Pope though that Elizabeth I persecuted Catholics so he declared her as an heretic and as "the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime". Because of that, all the subjects who were following Elizabeth I will be considered as heretic and will be excommunited too -
1571
Thirty-nine Articles of Religion
Define the statements of doctrines and practices of the Church of England. These articles form part of the Book of Common Prayer used by the Church of England -
1581
Act to retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due Obedience
Persuade English subjects to remove their allegiance to the Queen, from the Church of England to Rome, or to promise obedience to a foreign authority become an high treason. This happens a short time after the excommunion of Elizabeth I by the Pope -
Excution of Mary Queen of Scots
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Creation of East India Company
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Period: to
James I
He is the son of Mary Queen of Scots and by this fact, he is proclamed King of Scotland in 1567. As Queen Elisabeth doesn't have an heir, he is choosen to be the one who will acceed at the throne. This leads to his coronation in 1603, after the death of Elizabeth. Moreover, he is Calvinist (= Protestant) but people had high expectations of him to create an era of peace between Catholics and Protestants. Added to that, he believe in the divine rights of kings (like over French Kings as Louis 13) -
Hampton Court Conference
This conference was a meeting between James I, Puritans and bishops in order to find a religious compromise (in continuity of the Via Media of Elizabeth I) -
Gunpowder plot
Assassination attempt against James I by some Jesuits (extreme Catholics). The goal was probably to re-establishing a Catholic monarchy after years of persecussions -
Creation of Jameston in Virginia
The first settlement in America -
The Holy Bible
Also called King James Bible -
Period: to
The Thirty Year's War
It opposed Habsbourg familly against some protestant provinces of the Holy Roman Empire and theirs allies (as the France). This War created serious financial problems in England, since to do war cost a lot of money -
Maryflower
It was a boat which have transported an hundred of puritans (named currently the Pilgrims) to the New World -
Period: to
Charles I
As his father before him, he strongly believes in the divine rights of the Kings. He was a catholics as his marriage to the French princess Henrietta Maria demonstrates. Moreover, he doesn't like when somoene discuss his orders and perceives it as a challenge to his authority -
Petition of Rights
This is a serie of text dealing with the individuals rights of people based on Magna Carta. It allows the abolition of martial law in peacetime, and the right of prisoners to challenge the legality of their incarceration, under the decree of habeas corpus. -
Period: to
The Eleven Years' Tirany
This refers to the Personal Rule of Charles I after the dissolution of the Parlement -
Period: to
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
War between England, Scotland and Ireland. This war is the reflect of the religious and political conflicts that opposed Charles I and his opponents -
The Short Parliament
It takes part just after the Personal Rule and last for three weeks. The aim was to obtain funds to finance the Bishops' Wars in Scotland. Nevertheless, the member's of the Parliament reject the proposition of James I and i was dissolved -
Period: to
The Long Parliament
It was created a few months after the Short Parliament, to resolved the financial problem of Charles I. It takes his longevity from the Act of Parliament, which allows Parliament to be dissolved only if all Members of Parliament agree with it -
Grand Remonstrance
List of grievances and one of the key point which leads to the Civil War. Proposed by John Pym, this text exposes all the disagreements about Charles's foreign, financial, legal and religious policies. This leads ito the separation of the Parliaments into two camps: the Parliamentarians and the Royalists -
Battle of Edgehill
This battle opposed the Royalist Army and the Parliamentarian Army during the beginning of the Civil War. The aim of the Royalist Army was to march to London in order to force a decisive confrontation with Parliament's main arm. Nevertheless, they founded this part of the Parliamentarian army and deciced to fight them. This battle don't have a real winner because to army was mostly innexperienced -
Period: to
the First Civil War
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The Solemn League and Covenant,
The Solemn League and Covenant, for Reformation and Defence of Religion, The Honor and Happinesse of the King, and the Peace and Safety of the three Kingdomes of Scotland, England, and Ireland -
A Directory for The Publique Worship of God, Throughout the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland
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Battle of Marston Moor
The English Parliamentarians and the Scottish Covenanters defeated the Royalists during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. After their defeat, the Royalists abandoned Northern England. Because of that, they lose some of their power in the North and access to the European continent (they connot reach the ports on the North Sea coast) -
Battle of Naseby
it takes place during the first Civil War. The Parliamentarian New Model Army defeated the main Royalist army under the commandement of Charles I. This defeat leads to an hopeless Royalist victory. -
King prisoner by the Scots
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Putney Debates
Discussions over the political settlement that should follow Parliament's victory over Charles I in the First English Civil War -
Agreement of the People
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Pride's Purge
Soldiers prevented members of Parliament considered hostile to the New Model Army from entering the House of Commons of England. -
Period: to
Second Civil War
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Execution of Charles I
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Period: to
The Commonwealth
Monarchy is abolished in favour of a Republic. It marked by a freedom of religion -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell
English politician and military officer. He became the head of State in 1649 -
Period: to
1649-1660: the “Interregnum”
It's a period where no kings reigned. It was finishing by the coronation of Charles II -
Period: to
Rump Parliament
Refers to the parliament that was established after the purge of the long parliament by Thomas Pride. He is one of the leaders of the king's execution. It was dissolved in 1653 by Oliver Cromwell because of different policies -
Act of Blasphemy
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Period: to
Third Civil War
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Period: to
The Protectorate
Cromwell was made Lord Protector and Head of State (legitimation of his power). He create a system of 36 region, governed by a Major General. The problem was that Cromwell wasn't ruling in a definited system (a republic or a monarchy), which will posed a problem in the futur. This is due to the fact that he didn't believe in monarchy and wanted to rule as he wanted -
Act of Indemnity and Oblivion
Only the people who voted for the regicide will be punish. For all the people who participed to the Civil War are forgiven -
Declaration of Breda
This declaration allows Charles to affirm that he will follow a policy of religious tolerance. He also evokes the political and economic conditions that he will follow during his reign -
Period: to
Charles II
He was very close to his father. Indeed, he participed with him at the Civil War and his father exiled him to France to protect him. Of course, he tried to help him during the war, nevertheless he couldn't avoid his father to be murdered. He is nicknamed "Merrie Monarch". He wanted to create a new regime without corruption and without conflicts. Moreover, he refuses to punish his father's opponents -
Act of Uniformity
Like he doesn't manage to get parliament to pass a minority tolerance law, ha was obliged to return to the old religious settlement (the Book of common prayer) -
Great Plague
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Great Fire of London
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Act of Uniformity
Soldiars have to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England -
The Popish Plot
The plot was organized by the French to kill James II in order to replace him by James II (desire to return to catholicism) -
Act of the Habeas Corpus
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Period: to
James II
He fled to France because the Parliament tries to kill him (because of his religious vision) -
The Bill of Rights
One of the main political text in British Constitution. It's limite the power of the king and allows the beginning of a constitutional monarchy. Moreover, this establishes the right of the parliament and those of the people -
Act of Toleration
People can practice the religion that they want (religious pluralism) -
Period: to
Mary II
Ruled in the same time with William III -
Period: to
William III
Accept Parliament's authorithy by accepting laws about monarchy restriction -
Act of Settlement
Only protestant heirs can accede to the throne (catholic heir are excluded -
Period: to
Anne
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Act of Union
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain between England and Scotland which leads to only one kingdom -
Period: to
George I
