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Period: to
gaining independence/world wars
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American Independence
John Dunlap produced the first printed versions of the American Declaration of Independence in his Philadelphia shop. -
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789 and ending in 1799. -
Qajar Dynasty in Iran
The Qajar dynasty ruled Persia (present-day Iran) from 1785 to 1925. This small Qajar album from the time of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (1772–1834; ruled, 1797–1834) combines calligraphic art from various epochs with early 19th-century illustrations of high artistic quality. -
Mexico achieves independence from Spain
On February 24, 1821, Iturbide proclaimed the Plan of Iguala, and with it declared the independence of the then-called América Septentrional (Mexico). After the proclamation of independence he continued -
French conquer Algeria
France was attempting to secure control of Algeria but was opposed by local tribes under Abd el Kader, the emir of Mascara. In October 1837 the French besieged and conquered the city, a victory that enabled them to secure a number of ports. -
Taiping rebellion in china
A vast political and religious revolt against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted for more than ten years. -
Crimean War
The western European powers backed the Turks in order to block Russia’s expansion into the Black Sea region, which they believed threatened their positions in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Many of the war’s major battles were fought on the Crimean Peninsula in southern Russia. Russia eventually was defeated by France, Britain, Turkey, and Sardinia. -
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America. -
Franco Prussian war- German Empire
The conflict began on July 19, 1870, when France declared war. The French army proved woefully unprepared and suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Sedan, leaving open the road to Paris. By September 19, the Germans had completely surrounded the city and begun a siege that was to last more than four months. Cut off from supplies from the countryside, the Parisians held out by eating dogs, cats, and even most of the animals in the Paris zoo. -
Second Anglo Afghan War
The Second Anglo-Afghan War began in November 1878 when Great Britain, fearful of what it saw as growing Russian influence in Afghanistan, invaded the country from British India. The first phase of the war ended in May 1879 with the Treaty of Gandamak, which permitted the Afghans to maintain internal sovereignty but forced them to cede control over their foreign policy to the British. -
Russo Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was fought during 1904 and 1905 between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. -
World War II
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. -
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, after World War II. -
