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The development of sedentary agriculture leads to the settlement of nomads into stratified society, with job specialization, religion and cities, forming civilizations.
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This signals a shift away from stone tools and weapons, as well as, the developing of trade routes, and ideographic and syllabic writing
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A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the bronze age this area included Sumer & the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires. They created the invention of the wheel and contains the fertile crescent
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The Sumerian peoples developed a civilization in the southern part of Mesopotamia. Responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions
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This civilization was gifted of the Nile river that produced reeds, copper, stone and clay. Small king ruled state into upper and lower kingdoms.
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Known as "The Pyramid Age" or "Staircase to Heaven." This kingdom is ruled by a strong government.
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This kingdom mostly focuses on people, nobles fighting, weak government, and invasion by Hittites.
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The first Chinese civilization that included flooding and irrigation. This civilization was isolated but had many pictographs and ideographic symbols.
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This is characterized by a shift in tools and weapons, as well as, the introduction of alphabetic characters and the development of written language
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Reunited Mesopotamia in 1830 BCE with Hammurabi’s laws and codes. Their civilization had an economy with wool, agriculture and trade.
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the monotheistic religion practiced by Hebrews that believes in one god.The Jewish Bible, called the Torah, consists of the first five books of the Old Testament.
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Contained 282 laws that where written in stone and displayed in the center city town. These were specific to social status and gender of offender.
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This kingdom conquered Nubians, Syrians and Jews. They ended because small empire got invaded and took over
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Babylon falls due to the invasions of the Hittites, who became a military superpower through their knowledge of how to use iron.
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Shang Dynasty develops along the Yellow River. Contained 3000 characters, silk, ancient worship, army and danced for the gods.
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The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico. Their most familiar aspect is their artwork, particularly the aptly named Colossal Heads
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This was located in Peloponnesus and was Greece's dark age. Mycenaean was later attacked by Minoans and destroyed by rival Greeks.
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During this dynasty, the use of iron was introduced to China. This Dynasty followed the Shang civilization and were the south movement to Yangzi river.
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Different levels of agriculture and the start of vertical farming. Difficult for transportation due to location and were craftsman.
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He was a noble hired to write laws like Hammurabi. He wanted to prevent a civil war but was the cause of one.
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The common religion of India, based upon the religion of the original Aryan settlers. Buddhism and Jainism are outside the Hindu tradition but are regarded as related religions.
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Solon was a leader who did not think long term and ended slavery. He made the rich unable to own all the land and limited government.
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The city of Carthage was a huge trade empire. They were rich in power, ran by rich, taxes, and traded with others.
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A religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha.
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He became a good tyrant and seized power by forced. Pisistratus took nobles land and gave to poor to reduce rights.
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Roman developed a form of government known as a republic. That begins the period of expansion in Mediterranean with others.
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He was an Athenian statesman who famously reformed the political structure and processes of Athens at the end of the 6th century BCE
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It is a belief system based on the abstract concept that there is an eternal principle governing all the workings of the world
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The Persian Wars refers to the conflict between Greece and Persia, which involved two invasions by the latter in 490 and 480 BCE.
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They were the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws and hard to inforce.
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An ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.
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It is a social and political philosophy, which maintains that when people live up to their social obligations, society will be orderly and predicable.
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After the death of Alexander, Chandragupta created an empire that included most of the Indian subcontinent.
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Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history’s greatest military minds. King of Macedonia and Persia, Alexander established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen.
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This is the period between the death of Alexander the Great and the conquest of Egypt by Rome.The culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Alexander the Greats conquest
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At one stage it ruled most of the north of the Indian subcontinent, but it began to disintegrate toward the end of the 5th century
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Their civilization was a collection of city-states ruled by the same king. They believed the gods created humans from maize and that gods maintained agricultural cycles in exchange for sacrifices and bloodletting rituals.
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fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean. Rome then burnt Carthage to the ground and spread salt on its fields, so no crops could ever grow there again
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The dynasty was short lived, but was best known for unifying China after the Warring States period and connecting the separate fortification walls that eventually became the Great Wall of China.
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During this dynasty the Chinese developed paper, very accurate sundials, and calendars. During this dynasty, Buddhism spread, and trade thrived along the Silk Road to the Mediterranean
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Roman general responsible for a successfully conquered Persian empire prior to his death and attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures
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Christianity was based on this event and the Old and New testaments. Christians believe that Jesus dies in exchange for forgiveness of their sins and that human beings should practice love and service to him and others.
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Jesus founded Christianity after being considered the incarnation of God. He was killed at around 33 B.C.E by the Romans.
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Made up the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, after the fall of the Roman Empire. Later created the Justinian's Code, made by Justinian the Great, and remained a foundation of legal knowledge in Europe for centuries.
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Collapsed due to invading Muslim Berbers attempting to spread Islam. Depended on a well-developed agriculture base and control of the lucrative regional and trans-Saharan trade routs.
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Period in Europe between the fall of the western Roman Empire and the fall of the eastern Roman Empire. Characterized by feudalism, kingdoms, and Catholicism, particularly in the early Middle Ages.
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Muhammad is the founder of the religion Islam. Muhhamad was a leader from Mecca who unified Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam.
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Following the fall of the Han, China was divided into small regional kingdoms until the Sui reunited it. Achievements were Grand Canal, Expanding the Empire, and reinstated the Confucian civil service system.
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Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia. The Tang emperors presided over magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.
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The Prophet Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in order to escape persecution.
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Founded by Muhammad, the Hegira, Muhammad's fleeing from Mecca to Medina marks the start of the Muslim calender. Quran is the sacred book of Islam.
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First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs. Umayyads ruled an empire that extended form Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas. Overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad.
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Empire in central and southern China (960-1126). Empire in southern China (1127-1279). Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.
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European Catholics wanted to regain access to the Holy Land in the Middle East and decided to invade.
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The First Crusade was a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099.
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The Fourth Crusade was originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of invasion throgh Egypt. Instead in 1204 the crusaders of Western Europe invaded and sacked the Christian city of Constanipole.
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The largest continuous land empire ever to exist in history. The Mongols were ruthless in conquering but brought on the Pax Mongolica to their empire and helped ideas and technologies be exchanged between the different continents and cultures.
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Created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa. Rulers were Muslim who fostered the spread of Islam among the political and trading elite of empire.
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During this time period, the Ottoman Empire was on the rise, with several strong sultans who expanded the empire and strengthened it. The Empire reached its greatest extent under Suleiman I in the mid 1500s.
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The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries. It is an extension of the Middle Ages, and is bridged by the Age of Enlightenment to modern histor
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Pandemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, taking a greater toll of life than any other known epidemic in this time period.
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The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The adminstrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cuzco.
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Began with Henry VIII's quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church.
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Historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe.
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European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the “long 18th century” and as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment.
