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1285
King Philip IV Birth
Religion/Economic: He had taxed the church to raise revenue for war which was in violation of church rules. Pope Boniface VII would state that imposed taxes on the clergy would result in excommunication. The Pope was unsuccessful and the French king was allowed to impose his taxes in times of national emergency. -
1294
Pope Boniface VII Birth
Religion: He organized the first Catholic "jubilee" year to take place in Rome and declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff. He was in constant conflicts with Philip IV of France. Pope died in 1303 -
Period: 1300 to 1450
Defnse of Republicanism
Political: The election of a chief magistrate by the citizens. There was advise from two councils, a large public council and a small secret council.Terms was six months. There was arguing with the Emperor that they were self-governing. There was also argument with the Pope that Christ had denied political jurisdiction to the clergy, including the Pope. -
1301
Famine
Economical: Between 1301-1317 there was a huge famine problem. There was an overabundance of rain, there was no production due to frost, and there was a limited use of fertilizers. This resulted in people scavenging for food, people dying from starvation, and a rampant malnutrition and diseases. -
1304
Petrarch Birth: The Father of Classical Humanism
He was the first to use the term "Dark Ages". He insisted that education should not just be learning and knowing facts/concepts, but also how to communicate. Because of Petrarch the literature of Cicero became widely read and his values were widely praised by educated individuals -
1313
Boccaccio Birth
He made a systematic attempt to discover the classical roots of medieval Italian rhetoric. -
1317
The Hundred Years' War
Political: The Hundred Years’ War 1337–1453 was a series of conflicts fought between England and France over succession to the French throne. It lasted 116 years and saw many major battles which resulted with a major English victory over the French. -
1331
The Black Death
Economic: Between 1331-1332 the black plague was originated in Mongolia. It is believed that the disease was contracted by rats through flea bites and lasted until 1351. It affected crowded cities with 25% mortality about 20 million people. To some it was seen as God's punishment for sins of wicked humanity. Food, goods, and services plummeted due to people being sick or they died. Land value and agricultural income of land owners dropped. -
1369
Jan Hus Birth
Religion: He was Bohemian religious reformer. He outlined for reform of the Church. He was tried by the Council of Constance in 1415 burned at the stake as a heretic.His followers, known as Hussites, launched a civil war against the Holy Roman Empire. -
1377
The Great Schism
Religion: Also known as the Western Schism, or Papal Schism, was a split within the Roman Catholic Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417. During that time, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance 1414–1418. -
1412
Joan of Arc's Birth "The maid of Orleans
Religion: She was inspired by God, she had liberated Orleans in 1429. She was burned as a witch in 1431 -
1445
Invention of the Printing Press
Cultural: Because of the invention of the printing press the Bible was able to be one of the first published work. This helped many writers of many topics be able to publish their works in a more fast and productive way. -
Period: 1450 to 1550
Triumph of Despotism
Political: One-man rule was being seeked when class wars broke out between rich merchants and nobles. The economic disasters, famine, disease were also factors towards a one-man rule. The Medici family had established themselves as the sole rulers. -
1452
Leonardo Da Vinci's Birth: "Renaissance Man"
Cultural: Was natural genius. Today he remains best known for his art, including two paintings that remain among the world's most famous and admired, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci believed, art was indisputably connected with science and nature. -
1454
Treaty of Lodi
Political: Was brokered by Cosimo de Medici and there was peace until 1494 -
1469
Niccolo Machiavelli's Birth: "The Father of Modern Political Science"
Political: He was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period. -
1564
William Shakespeare Birth
Cultural: Is known to be the greatest playwriter in history. His plays always heroic attributes but were always human characters.
