Timeline #2

By ElsaLemus
  • 753 BCE

    Foundation of Rome

  • 509 BCE

    Early Republic of Rome

  • Period: 494 BCE to 287 BCE

    Struggle of the orders

    Patricians and Plebians struggled for equality against the governent.
  • Period: 264 BCE to 241 BCE

    1st Punic War

  • Period: 208 BCE to 201 BCE

    2nd Punic War

    • Hannibal
    • Crosses the Alps
    • Battle of Cannae, 216 bce
    • Roman army lost >60,000 soldiers.
    • Largest force Rome had deployed up to that time.
    • Threatens Rome
    • Hannibal defeated at the Battle of Zama, 202 bce, by Scipio Africanus.
  • Period: 139 BCE to 136 BCE

    3rd Punic war

    • Huge debt
    • Roman approval in foreign affairs.
    • Cato, the Elder
    • “Carthago delenda est!”
    • Carthage was destroyed – leveled and the ground sewn with salt!
  • Period: 104 BCE to 43 BCE

    Cicero

    • Rome’s finest orator.
    • Great statesman.
    • More than 800 surviving speeches and letters provide insight into politics.
    • Models of classical rhetoric and oratory.
    • Sought to avoid one-man rule and preserve the Republic.
    • Advocated Stoic philosophy.
    • Belief in Natural Law that applied to all.
    • Self-sufficiency.
    • Virtuous conduct.
    • Adherence to duty.
    • Major influence on Founding Fathers of United States.
  • Period: 100 BCE to 44 BCE

    Julius Ceasar

    • Dictator for 10 years.
    • Provincial Reforms
    • Lowered taxes among the provinces.
    • Made provincial governors responsible to him.
    • Extended citizenship
    • Public works program.
    • Relocated unemployed veterans to provinces where they received land, thereby
    reducing Rome’s poor and unemployed.
    • Reorganized urban government.
    • Reformed the courts.
    • Created a new calendar.
    • Treated former enemies within the Senate with moderation, respect and
    generosity.
  • Period: 70 BCE to 19 BCE

    Virgil

    • The Aeneid
    • Long, epic poem describing the founding of Rome.
    • National epic expressing Roman virtues.
    • Patriotism
    • Devotion to family
    • Duty to the state
    • Strong sense of religion
  • 44 BCE

    Ides of March

    Ceasar is assassinated
  • 44 BCE

    Battle of Actium

    Octavian becomes first emperor of Rome, Caesar Augustus.
  • 27 BCE

    Octavian

    politically shrewd
    • Military monarchy with the façade of Republican institutions.
    o Senate still appeared to administer some provinces and advised Octavian.
    • By retaining the appearance of the Republic, Octavian avoided opposition and
    resistance.
    • offered to surrender all power, knowing the Senate would demand that he continue to lead.
    • He retain absolute power but was careful to appear as a monarch. He refused
    the title of king or dictator.
  • Period: 4 BCE to 29

    Jesus

    • Jesus lived within this context of Jewish expectations and
    longings. The hopes of Jesus’ early followers encompassed:
    • A lower-class dissatisfaction with the aristocratic Sadducees
    • A Pharisee emphasis on prophetic ideals and afterlife.
    • An Essene preoccupation with the end of days, the nearness of God, and the
    need for repentance.
    • A conquered people’s yearning for a Messiah who would liberate their land from
    Roman rule and restore God’s rule.
  • Period: 14 to 180

    Pax Romama

    The “Time of Happiness”
    • Peace
    • Security
    • Ordered civilization
    • Rule of law.
    • Constructive Rule
    • Improved conditions for both slaves and women
    o Slaves were about 25% of population at the time of Augustus.
    o Declined due to few wars of conquest.
    o Manumission
    • Nobles freed slaves and set them up in business in exchange for a share of the
    enterprise.
    • Freed slaves bore no social stigma.
    o Legal protection of slaves steadily improved.
  • Period: 570 to 632

    Muhammad

    • Prosperous merchant in Mecca.
    • When Muhammad was about forty, he believed he was visited in his sleep
    by the angel Gabriel.
    • Muhammad chosen as a prophet.
  • Period: 742 to 814

    Charlemagne

    • Son of Pepin, Grandson of Charles Martel.
    • Expanded Frankish kingdom.
    • Primitive administration
    • Divided the empire into about 250 counties, each administered by a comites, a count, a noble personally loyal to the ruler.
    • Comites served as judges, generals, administrators.
    • Connected the Emperor with the Roman Church
    • Suggested that Pope was superior to the Emperor.
    • Carolingian Empire was only a shadow of the Roman Empire.
    .
  • Dec 25, 800

    Coronation of Charlemagne

    Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans.
    • Signaled a continuation of the Roman Empire (or the Western Roman Empire).
    • Connected the Emperor with the Roman Church
    • Suggested that Pope was superior to the Emperor