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Ending of the War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession ended on March 7, 1713, with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht. The results of the treaty were the cession of French Acadia to Great Britain and France renouncing some claims of British territories in Canada and its claim to a monopoly trade with the indigenous population. But still hanging onto Île Royale colony. -
Signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth
The Treaty of Portsmouth is signed ending hostilities between the British and the Wabanaki Confederacy on July 13, 1713. The Wabanaki signed the treaty because they agreed that British settlements will be limited to the west of the Kennebec River. The British signed the treaty because they could gain land. -
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Father's Rale's War
The Dummer’s War, also known as the Father’s Rale’s War, was a series of battles fought between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy. New France supported the Wabanakis. -
Start of King George's War
King George’s War began in the year 1774 and was the name given to the war operations in North America. It was a part of the War of the Austrian Succession. -
Siege of Louisbourg 1745
The Fortress of Louisbourg, formerly in possession by the French, was captured by the British on June 28, 1745, during the King George’s War. -
Signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the King George’s War in 1748 and returned Louisbourg back to the French. The treaty still did not resolve any territorial issues. -
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Father Le Loutre's War
Father Le Loutre’s War, also known as the Anglo-Micmac War, was a war that took place between King George’s War and the French and Indian War. -
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The French and Indian War
The French and Indian War began in 1754 and, in 1763, ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The treaty gave Great Britain huge amounts of territorial gains in North America. Though the war pushed Britain into substantial debt and then caused the American Revolution. -
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The Expulsion of Acadians
The Expulsion of Acadians also called the Great Upheaval, began in 1755 and was the forced removal of Acadians from the present-day Canadian maritime provinces by the British. The deportations lasted until 1764 and in all of the 14,100 Acadians living in the region, about 11,500 of them were deported to either the Thirteen Colonies or Europe. -
Start of the Seven Years' War
The Seven Years’ War began as tensions grew between the powers of Europe in 1756. The war was a global conflict with many great European powers like Great Britain, Prussia, France, the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria and the Russian Empire fighting. The war spanned many continents including Europe, North America, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The war was fought between two sides. One was led by Britain and the other was led by France. Both sides had other countries aiding them in the war -
The Siege of Louisbourg 1758
The Siege of Louisbourg was a significant operation during the Seven Years’ Wars in 1758. With the help of the First Nations, the British overwhelm the French forces who abandon their posts at Louisbourg before retreating north. -
The Battle of Quiberon Bay
The Battle of Quiberon Bay happened in 1759 and was a British victory that limited the French navy’s ability to supply its forces in North America. -
French Surrender Montreal
The French surrendered Montreal to the British due to overnumbered French forces in one of the last battles of the Seven Years’ War in America. -
The Iroquois joins the British Alliance
In 1760, the Iroquois joined the British alliance in the Seven Years’ War swaying the balance of power to tip more towards the British and away from the French. -
Signing of the Treaty of Paris
Like the French and Indian War, the Seven Years’ War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1760. In the Treaty of Paris, France lost all claims to Canada and ceded Louisiana to Spain. On the other hand, Britain gained the lands of Spanish Florida, Upper Canada, and several French possessions overseas. Also, like the French and Indian War, the war pushed Britain far into debt creating unrest in the American colonies and soon starting the American Revolution. -
The Battle of Signal Hill
The Battle of Signal Hill was fought on September 15, 1762, and was the last battle of the Seven Years’ War fought in the North American theatre. A British force that was led by Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst recaptured the town of St. John’s after the French had captured the town earlier that year in a surprise attack. -
Start of the Pontiac's War
The Pontiac’s War began in 1763 and was declared by a loose confederation of American Indian tribes. Mostly the tribes from the Great Lakes region, the Ohio Country, and the Illinois Country. These tribes were not satisfied with the results in the Great Lakes region following the end of the French and Indian War -
The Royal Proclamation 1763
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III after the claiming of French territory in North America following the end of the Seven Years’ War. It restricted all settlements west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains, which was described as an Indian Reserve. -
The Québec Act 1774
The Québec Act of 1774 formally known as the British North America Act of 1774, was an act that was passed by the British government that created a permanent government replacing the temporary one that was created by the Royal Proclamation of 1763. The act gave the French Canadians complete religious freedom and reestablished the French form of civil law. -
The Loyalist Migration
The Loyalist Migration was a large migration of people who still supported the British. The southern Loyalists moved mostly to Florida and the northern Loyalists mostly migrated to places like Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The Loyalists called themselves the United Empire Loyalists. -
Start of the American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775. The cause of the war was the increased tension between the populations in the thirteen colonies and the British government. -
The Battles of Lexington and Concord
The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagement between the Americans and the British. It happened on the 19th of April, 1775 making it the beginning of the American War of Independence. -
Thirteen Colonies Declare Independence
The former Thirteen Colonies of Britain gained independence on July 4, 1776, and became the United States of America. By issuing the Declaration of Independence, the 13 colonies became independent from Great Britain. -
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The French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period in France where a political upheaval occurred. The revolution lasted 10 years from 1789 to 1799. It began on July 14, 1789, revolutionaries stormed the French prison of Bastille. -
The Constitutional Act 1791
The Constitutional Act of 1791 was an act passed by the British Parliament that separated the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. This was the first stage of Confederation. -
The Battle of the Thames
The Battle of the Thames also called the Battle of Moraviantown, took place on October 5, 1813. It was an American victory against Tecumseh’s Confederacy and their British allies. As a result of the battle, the British lost control of Southwestern Ontario. Tecumseh and the war chief Roundhead were killed. Due to these deaths, Tecumseh’s Confederacy fell apart. -
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The Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of serious conflicts caused by the French Empire, led by Napoleon I, and its allies. Different European powers created various coalitions that were led and supported by the United Kingdom. During this war, the French Empire dominated most of Europe. -
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War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a large conflict between the United States and the United Kingdom from June 18, 1812, to February 18, 1815. The war began when the Americans started to attack the Canadian provinces in 1812. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. -
Siege of Detroit
The Siege of Detroit, otherwise known as the Surrender of Detroit, was an early military engagement in the War of 1812. A British force with American Indian allies under the Shawnee leader Tecumseh bluffed and deceived the US forces into surrendering the fort and town. The American forces actually outnumbered the victorious British and Indian forces. -
The Battle of Queenston Heights
The Battle of Queenston Heights occurred on October 13, 1812, and was the first major battle in the War of 1812. The battle led to a British victory. -
The Battle of York
On April 27, 1813, the Battle of York was fought between the British-Canadian forces against the American invaders in the capital of the province of Upper Canada, York. The battle led to an American victory and the burning of the city. -
The Battle of Beaver Dams
The Battle of Beaver Dams took place on June 24, 1813, in the War of 1812. An American force marched towards a British outpost at Beaver Dams attempting to surprise them. While the American forces were marching towards the British, they were ambushed by Native warriors and over time surrendered. -
The Battle of Lake Erie
The Battle of Lake Erie, sometimes referred to as the Battle of Put-in-Bay, occurred on September 10, 1813. It happened off the coast of Ohio in Lake Erie. The battle resulted in nine American vessels defeating and capturing six vessels of the British Royal Navy. Following this battle, the Americans gained all control of the lake. -
The Battle of Chateauguay
The Battle of the Chateauguay was a military engagement in the War of 1812. It occurred on October 26, 1813, when a Canadian force successfully repelled an American force from invading Lower Canada and eventually attacking Montreal. -
The Battle of Crysler's Farm
The Battle of Crysler’s Farm was a battle that was fought on November 11, 1813, during the War of 1812. A British and Canadian force was victorious against an outnumbered US force. -
The Battle of Lundy's Lane
The Battle of Lundy’s Lane was fought during the War of 1812 on July 25, 1814, in present-day Niagara Falls. This battle was one of the bloodiest and deadliest battles ever fought in the war. The battle resulted in the halt of the American advance into Upper Canada. -
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The Siege of Fort Erie
The Siege of Fort Erie was one of the last battles between the British and American forces in the Niagara campaign of the War of 1812. From August 4 to September 21, 1814, the American forces successfully defended Fort Erie against the invading British army. -
The Burning of Washington D.C.
Following the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg, the British forces easily invaded the American capital, Washington D.C. on August 24, 1814. As the British entered the capital, the Major General ordered his forces to set fire to many government buildings including the White House, the Capitol building, and many other government facilities. After less than a day, a sudden strong thunderstorm put out the fires. The storm caused the British forces to retreat and abandon the city. -
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The Battle of Plattsburgh
The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, was fought for 6 days, from September 6 to 11, 1814, and ended the final attempted invasion of the northern states of the US in the War of 1812. -
Signing of the Treaty of Ghent
On December 24, 1814, British and American representatives signed the Treaty of Ghent in the city of Ghent, Belgium, which officially ended the War of 1812 between the two countries. The terms of the treaty were that all conquered territory was to be given back to each country and discussions were planned to settle the border between the United States and Canada. -
The Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815, and was one of the last battles fought between the Americans and the British in the War of 1812. The battle occurred just 18 days after the Treaty of Ghent was signed. It happened after because the news of the peace agreement didn’t reach America yet from Europe. -
The Cholera Epidemic of 1832
The Cholera Epidemic of 1832 began in Quebec when an immigrant ship with cases of Asiatic cholera aboard arrived in Quebec. Once it landed, the disease soon spread through the city and up the St. Lawrence River valley. More cholera epidemics popped up in Canada in 1834, 1849, 1851, 1852, and 1854. -
Start of the Trail of Tears
Starting on May 26, 1838, the Trail of Tears began which was a series of forced relocations of about 60,000 Native Americans in the United States from their homelands in the Southeastern United States to lands to the west of the Mississippi River. Those areas were designated as Indian Territory. The relocated people included the Cherokee, Muskogee, Chickasaw people, etc, suffered starvation and disease while moving to their new lands. About 4,000 people died before reaching their new homes. -
The British North America Act 1840
The British North America Act of 1840, also called the Act of Union of 1840, was passed by Parliament in July of 1840 and was officially proclaimed on February 10, 1841, in Montreal. The act abolished the legislatures of Lower and Upper Canada and created a new political entity. The new entity was called the Province of Canada, -
Responsible Government is Established
A new, much more democratic government is formed for the country of Canada.