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1509
Henry VIII become king
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1517
Ninety-Five Theses written by Martin Luther
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1526
The Tyndale Bible
New Testament translated in English -
1534
Act of Supremacy and schism
The king was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England”, schism between the church of England and the Roman Catholic Church -
1549
Edward VI and publication of the book of the common prayer
Mesures towards protestantism (services in English, revision of the mass book...) -
1553
Mary I first Queen regent
Pushed England back towards Catholicism and restored it in 18 months, called Bloody Mary -
1553
Poor laws
Creation of a distinction between the “deserving” (poor by faith, orphans, sick) and “undeserving” poors (poor by choice) -
Period: 1555 to 1558
Protestants burnt alive
Bloody Mary period, Queen decided to burn Protestants -
1558
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
Imposed the power of England over the seas and reinforced Elizabeth image as a legitimate Queen -
1558
Elizabeth I become queen
Restored Protestantism as England's religion during her reign, was in favour of a compromise between Protestant and Catholics, made England prosper (Golden Age) -
James VI of Scotland proclaimed King of England
Son of Mary Stuart -
Period: to
Thirty years war
War in Europe under James I (Parliament did not accept an implication at the time) and Charles I (1624 Parliament accept to finance the war)
Militaries defeats and important impact on English population (raising of troops 50 000) -
Charles I become King of England after James’ death
Married to a absolute catholic Henrietta Maria, favoured the Arminian (to the Protestant country) -
Three resolutions
Act of open defiance against Charles from Parliament, act wanted to forbid any form of poperism or armenianism -
Period: to
The personal rule of Charles I
Often called 11 years tyranny, Charles ruled without calling Parliament and imposed religious policies in favour of Armenians (bossing at the name of Jesus, sacraments, cross sign…) -
Outbreak of civil war
Irish rebellion in October (Irish Catholics rebelled against Protestant settlers) and Grand Remontrance of 1641 (Parliament voted document in which the power of the King is threatened ; their demands : control of the army, control of the reformation of the church, control of the King’s ministers’ choice) Caption Commander-in-Chief Oliver Cromwell led armies of the Parliament of England against King Charles I during the English Civil War. Abraham Cooper July 2, 1644 -
Formally declared war between Charles I and Parliament
First civil war leadin lasting 4 years and causing the death of 190 000 Englishmen -
Start of the Commonwealth of England and law abolishing monarchy
House of Lords abolished, supreme authority given to the House of Commons -
Death penalty of Charles I
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End of the Commonwealth and start of the Protectorate
After royalist revolts in Scotland and Ireland and the creation of the Rump Parliament (then dissolved by Oliver Cromwell), a protectorate (military dictatorship) is created, with Cromwell appointed Lord Protector (executive power, control of the army…) -
Year of the Restoration
Charles II (Charles I’s son) proposed a general amnesty, a religious toleration, and a governance with a Parliament in exchange of the restoration of the monarchy in his Declaration of Breda
Monarchy restored with the support of the people on the 29 of May 1660 -
James II (Charles’ brother become King)
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Glorious Revolution (William of Orange become king)
Son in law of James II William of Orange was invited by Parliament to seize the crown. He met no resistance, became King William III and joint monarch with his wife Mary) -
Bill of Rights
Bill limiting the King’s powers for the first time (Parliament must consent to new laws, gained control over finances and the army, imposed regular Parliament’s meetings, part of the uncodified British constitution…) -
Act of Settlement
Ensure a Protestant succession to the throne and create a new balance of shared power between the King and Parliament (a bit in favour of Parliament) -
Act of Union between England and Scotland
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain under Queen Anne -
Period: to
England ruled by George I, George II, George III, George IV
Victory in Waterloo 1815 against Napoleon -
Second act of Union
Creation of the United Kingdom is Great Britain this time composed of Envisaged, Scotland and Ireland