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The Copernican Revolution puplished
is the story of how an idea crumbled, and in a slow domino effect brought together with it the whole concept of the universe in its broadest sense. This idea placed a motionless Earth in the center of a huge rotating Sphere, where all-stars were set, and which also sealed the (hence finite) Universe. The Sun itself lay on this Sphere, but, alone among the stars, was moving in a circular motion on the Sphere itself (Joyce 2013). -
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions published
In Thomas Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions he argues that the study of the natural world develops through a perpetual cycle of scientific revolutions, in which one set of questions and “arbitrary” perceptions are replaced by a different—though not inherently better—set of scientific beliefs (Sabel 2021). His theory has changed the way some look at science. -
The paradigm shift
Thomas Kuhns Paradigm shift theory has 4 stages:
Phase 1: Pre-science
The pre-paradigmatic state refers to a period before a scientific consensus has been reached.
Phase 2: Normal Science
A paradigm is established which lays the foundations for legitimate work within the discipline. Scientific work then consists in the articulation of the paradigm, in solving puzzles that it throws up (Mcleod). -
the Paradigm shift continued
Phase 3: Crisis
This is where the paradigm shift occurs.
Anomalies become serious, and a crisis develops if the anomalies undermine the basic assumptions of the paradigm and attempt to remove them consistently fail.
Phase 4: Revolution
Eventually, a new paradigm will be established, but not as a result of any logically compelling justification.
The new paradigm better explains the observations and offers a model that is closer to the objective, external reality (Mcleod). -
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