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Political Machines
Large cities needed political structure because of the rapid growth caused by migration. The levels went from the highest Ward bosses, to Ward captains, district captains. Political machines controlled the activities of political parties. They worked to ensure that their candidates were elected, making citizens/migrants vote in exchanged for jobs, food and possibly housing, making sure that the city government worked for their own advantage. A famous ex: is Tammy Hall in NY for the democrats -
Department stores
Department stores first opened in 1846. The creation of the modern mass market set guidelines: goods were sectioned into different departments. Fixed prices were implemented, no more bartering. Also the 'money back guarantee" and free delivery policy began. With the creation of department stores came along the 'five and dime stores' which offered large discounts to customers. Discounts were also offered when customer bought in bulks. People not only shopped for deals but also for the experience -
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Transforming the West
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Homestead Act
The Homestead Act, was signed May 1862, the act help populate the West. It opened settlement to aid the territorial expansion of the United States. Americans, including: freed slaves, single women and landless farmers were allowed the fair chance to claim the land given under the act, 160 FREE federal acres. The settlers were given FIVE years to reside on it, improve it and farm it, producing crops. The act remained in effect until 1976, when it was replaced with other plans. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
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Granges
On 1867 Oliver Kelly, clerk of the Department of Agriculture, founded an organization. The Patrons of Husbandry was a farmer/agriculture association, that was created in aim to improve the economic situation of the farmers. They would gather in granges to find solutions for agricultural issues through lectures or newspapers. Hundreds of thousands of members were recruited by 1870, becoming a politically powerful in issues like monopolistic railroads and being one of the FIRST populist movements. -
Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad was chartered in 1862. The project was authorized by the Pacific Railroad Acts, that help promote the construction of the railroad. The actual construction began in 1863, with two companies competing on who would lay more track. They will race from Sacramento, California and Omaha, Nebraska. Six years later, On May 10th,1869 in Promontory Utah, the last spike "golden spike" was hammered, symbolizing the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. -
Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor(KOL) was founded on December 1869. The KOL was an important labor organization that wanted to get rid of competition for a cooperative one. The organization was strictly secret to avoid sabotage by employers and was open to all workers, no matter if they were skilled or unskilled. They boycotted business and were in favor of equal pay for both men and women, as well as an 8 hour work day. From them, Labor Day was established as a national holiday. -
Nativism
Massive migration surged in the US from different parts of the world, bringing different cultures. This sparked an anti migration idea. Nativism is the 'idea/ policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants' Americans became weary of immigration. In attempt to stop the entrance of foreigners, the APA(american protective association) was formed, it fought the entrance of Roman Catholics that posed a threat to the US. Deportation of criminals and radicals began -
Economy: Railroads
The building of numerous tracks/ railroads meant new transportation networks. It opened new lands for farming, ranching and mining increased. Railroads helped the economic growth of the U.S. Many Towns like Denver, San Francisco, Portland, and Omaha swelled up. Farmers could now sell their products on the national market. Now that railroads went from coast to coast to 'ship' goods, time zones had to be created to help the farmers or customers know the departures or arrivals of trains. -
Steel
Steel is the building block of the industrial america. In the early 19th century America wasn't able to mass produce steel because it was very expensive. Henry Bessemer, then created the Bessemer process in 1856, the first inexpensive process of mass production of steel. Scottish immigrant, Andrew Carnegie was the first to invest. The operation proved successfully, steel was now at low prices. And By the 1900s, Andrew Carnegie corporation was the largest of its kind, over 11 million. -
Oil
John D. Rockefeller entered the oil business in 1863 by investing in a oil refinery in Cleveland, Ohio. He founded the standard oil company, making him a wealthy important philanthropist. By early 1880s he controlled 90% of domestic oil. Rockefeller went from a vertical integration to horizontal. He also invented two important elements: TRUST, which is the purchase of various companies in one same industry and HOLDING COMPANIES, same concept as trusts but it was a shield from the anti- trust act -
Conflict: Natives
Native americans have gone through hardships. In 1851, 1871 the Indian Appropriations Act was passed, it set aside land in Oklahoma for natives. Then the Treaty of Fort Laramie was ignored. The treaty stated that the Northern Great Plains belonged to the natives, but when minerals were discovered it was ignored. They were also affected by old world diseases, issues with other tribes and white technological advances. One of their worst problems was buffalo killing by whites, their source of life. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The Battle of Little Bighorn was fought in southern Montana. General A. Custer along with his men head to control the defiant Sioux Tribe and Cheyenne warriors. Custer makes a fatal mistake of dividing his troops into 3 separate columns without realizing the size of his enemy. He leads his men without waiting for reinforcement. This battle is also known as Custer's Last Stand, him along with his soldiers are killed. The media plays down his error and portrays him as the hero he once wanted to be -
Tenements
More people began migrating to America, crowding streets. Hundreds of Tenements were built in the 1870s. Tenements were multiple family dwellings(4-6 stories). Dozens of families were in each tenement. Rent prices soared because of overpopulation. The place was poorly ventilated and lit. The apartments didnt meet sanitary standards of safety and sanitation, this meant that diseases were spread quick. -
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The Gilded Age
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Inventions: Lightbulb
Thomas Elva Edison, inventor, and entrepreneur contributed into the modern era by his inventions. Americans in that time period still used candles, gases and kerosene as light. He was so dedicated to create a long-lasting light bulb that he would lock himself, with no sleep for days. He was given over 130,000 dollars into his research so creating this was important to him. He tried 6,000 materials, until he came across the right filament that burned for 300 hours, carbonized carbon. -
Farmers Alliance
In the 1880s a group formed by midwesterners and southerners grew, the Farmers alliance. The Farmers Alliance took reins from the Granger Movement. The farmers were not happy with the falling prices, crop failures and the overcharge of shipped goods, high interest loans. The group had 5 million white members, all for the negotiation of higher crop prices, better loans and insurance. The alliance became political to fight monopolies, they won big in 1890s. -
People: Immigrants
In the coming up & expansion of the Western US, many immigrants came seeking economic opportunities. The Swedish, Norwegian and Germans settled in the northern areas. Irish and Chinese were wage workers. Chinese immigrants had an essential role in the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. They were seen as low class people, and faced racism. On May 6 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, banning further migration to the US. Immigration Quotas were passed to protect white workers. -
Pendleton Act
Before the assassination of President James A Garliefied, federal positions were chosen through the spoil system. The spoil system was advocated by former president Andrew Jackson. The system was built so political jobs could be appointed as reward to loyalist or friends who were politically affiliated. But on January 16, 1883 the Pendleton act was approved which meant that federal job positions were now given based on their merit, the merit based system. -
Buffalo Bill Wild West Show
William Fredrick Cody, born in Le Claire, IA was a scout, buffalo hunter, as well as a showman. He started his own western shows in the eastern U.S. His show named "Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show" dramatized Indian Fights, cowboys, cattle drives, lassoing and marksmanship. Many Actors used in the Indian fights were actual Indians, Sitting Bull being one of them. Other actors were former cowboys or sharpshooters. Many Americans today get their view of the west through this show. -
The Great Upheaval
Workers of the industrial america began striking, they would walk out of their jobs all for the purpose of a better pay. An example would be the Great Railroad strike(uprising). The strike began on July 14 1877 on Martinsburg, West Virginia and it spread to other cities across the country. The Labor Union became more organized and the strikers would not allow the trains to roll until their pay was improved. As a consequence to this and similar events, the National Guard was formed. -
Haymarket Riot
On May 4, 1886 a labor protest erupted at Haymarket Sq, Chicago. 300 police men were sent to break up the crowd, the situation worsen when a bomb exploded near a police car. The angered police man attack the crowd with guns and batons. Seven police men were killed. The press was hysterical after the riot. It damages the Labor movement into the early 20th century. -
Dawes Severalty Act
The Dawes Severalty Act became in effect on February 8, 1887. The act called up for the break up of native american reservations. It allowed the president to divide the reservations, that were held communally by the natives of each tribes, into allotment of lands for individual natives. They were giving 160 acres to farm, self-sufficiency for 25 yrs. The goal for this act was to pressure the natives into assimilating and integrating to the american agricultural life-style. -
Sears Catalouge
Richard Sears introduced the first Sears catalogue or 'wish book' published in 1888. Catalogues helped bring department stores to rural places in america. They were an extension of the department stores. The book reached to 20 million people. The goal of the catalogues was to cut the 'middle man' and Mr. Sears goal was to sell his products in a lower cost than the local stores. The products ranged from ag machines to clothing and jewelry. Mr. Sears would call his promotions: schemes -
Andrew Carnegie
By 1889 Andrew owned biggest steel Company of its kind. Andrew Carnegie was a hard working Scottish immigrant, who grew up poor. His greatest accomplishment is when he invested on the mass production of steel. His investment made him a wealthy man and a famous philanthropist. He believed in the Gospel of Wealth, which meant that wealthy people like him were morally obligated and responsible to give back economically for the greater good of society. He spent the rest of his days helping others. -
Ghost Dance Movement
The Ghost Dance Movement is a religious practice, popular among western Native Americans. The Ghost Dance is a circle in where they'd perform round dances at night. A Shaman had envisioned a flood washing away the whites, and natives returning to their original way of life. They believed that their ancestors would protect them from bullets. It was their form of resistance to the 'white' rule. Military leaders saw it as a threat and had an immediate intervention, the wounded knee massacre. -
Imperialism: Technology
The Imperialism Era was about creating an American Empire and pursuing an aggressive policy of expansion. Technology helped spur expansion, increasing communication, faster pace news and quick travel through steam power. Henry Cabot Lodge a republican senator advocated the improvement of the US Navy, making us the 3rd most powerful navy. Then by order of T.Roosevelt, our Navy ships were painted white and completed a journey around the world, showing off the US naval power, the Great white fleet. -
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Imperialism
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890
The Sherman Anti- Trust Act was passed in July 2,1890. The act was the first federal statues in US History, outlawing monopolistic business practices, trust. Trust was Rockefellers idea, its when various companies are under one set of trustees or industry, destroying the competition. The act was trying to create a fair competition in the workforce. At first the Anti-trust act was unsuccessful because corporations bought politicians, but it will later become successful -
Currency Reform: Silver Act
During the Gilded age issues implementing standardized national currency arose. Business & republicans were for "Hard money", keeping the status gold. Democrats & workers wanted greenbacks "soft money", because they believed that hard money couldn't support expanding economy(silver), hoping inflation would alleviate debt problems. In 1890, the Silver act was passed causing prices to skyrocket and soon causes the Panic of 1893. Currency is then switched back to gold, making the panic worse -
Peoples Party
In 1891, A third party forms, the Peoples party or Populist Party. An agrarian-populist party. The party represents the common people, consisting of farmers, workers and reformers. Their ideology was to fight corruption and greed. They want to eliminate monopolies, and are for coinage of silver, graduated income tax, and storage surplus. Because of their ideas, they got attacked by democrats and republicans. The populist party did not perform well nationally only on a state and local level -
Depression of 1893
The Depression of 1893 was considered one of the worst economic depression in US history. Banks, railroads and everyday businesses went under. Its also known as the Panic of 1893, Many questioned 'Laissez-faire' capitalism, which let people do as they choose. Then in 1894, Coxey's Army of unemployed workers marched to DC peacefully and protested capitalism, showing capitalism. -
The Pullman Strike
George M.Pullman engineer and industrialist owned a company that built luxury cars. The company town was built for employees, but the economic down turn caused by the Depression of 1893 hurt the company that he began to lay off workers and cut salaries. This lead many workers to join the American Railway Union(ARU) shutting down american railroads that contained Pullman's cars. President Cleveland intervened but the strikers gained public supported, increasing their attention. -
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Progressive Era
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Plessy v. Ferguson
Homer Plessy violated the Separate Car act. Whites and african americans were to sit in different assigned section in railroads. "Equal but separate accommodations" Plessy considered himself 1/8 african american from his great-grandmother. African americans were segregated from different buildings, restrooms and other facilities. The Supreme Court ruled that states that "imply merely a legal distinction" between races did not violate the 13th or 14th amendment. -
Cross of Gold speech
The Cross of Gold speech was delivered on July 9, 1896 by William J. Bryan. Bryan was a candidate for the democrat party in the election of 1896. He supported 'free silver' or bimetallism. Bryan is known for running multiple times but never getting elected president. At the democratic convention in Chicago he delivered his famous speech where he said americans were crucified on big businesses 'cross of gold' -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism is based on dramatic, sensationalist and highly exaggerated stories, Led by newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. It played a major role in the Imperialism era, like the monopoly of newspapers. Yellow Journalism increased newspaper sales and it was used against Spain. Newspapers would trash the Spain image, with stories of women being raped, molested and murdered in Cuba by the Spanish." You furnish the pictures, i will furnish the war"- William Hearst. -
Rough Riders
Theodore Roosevelt, assistant secretary of the Navy leads the first United States Volunteer Cavalry in the Spanish-American war. He resigned his position to join the cavalry. The volunteer cavalry consisted of cowboys, cops, athletes, indian scouts and african americans. Their army grew to almost 300 men. Their nickname, the Rough Riders are known for their charge up to Battle of San Juan Hill, the top of the hill where they secure position. This battle makes Theodore R. famous -
U.S.S Maine
The U.S.S Maine was sent to Havana, Cuba in late January 1898 to protect american lives and property. Cuba was trying to gain their independence, their rebellion and riots were putting americans and their investments at risk, so they served as protection in case anything went wrong. But in February 15, 1898 U.S.S Maine explodes, the media is quick to blame Spain with no evidence, claiming that their underwater mine exploded. Two hundred and sixty six men were killed in the explosion. -
Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American war was a conflict between the US and Spain because they were brutally oppressing Cuba and their people to halt their attempts to gain their independence. Republicans in congress favored war. President McKinley attempted to negotiate Cuba's independence but failed, cornered McKinley's humanitarian duty was to declare war. Congress declared war on Spain in April 25, 1898, two months after the U.S.S Maine explosion. It lasted six months, ending with the Treaty of Paris in Dec. -
Treaty of Paris 1898
The Spanish-American war lasted six months with 385 dead from the battle and 2,000 dead from disease: malaria, typhoid and yellow fever. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed on December 10, 1898 in Paris but became effective on April 1, 1899. In the treaty Spain gives up Cuba. The treaty gives the United States their first overseas empire. The United States gains most of Spain's overseas territories, Guam, Philippines($20 million) and Puerto Rico. -
Booker T Washington
Booker T. Washington was a prominent black intellectual leader in the 1900s. He founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. He believed in focusing on self improvement and elevating blacks first. He wanted black economical improvement, economic equality with whites not social justice. Washington had the idea that african americans should accept social segregation as long as whites will allow them to have educational and economic opportunities -
W.E.B Dubois
Like Booker T Washington, W.E.B Dubois was a prominent leader for african americans. Although they were for the same cause, Dubois took a different approach. He advocated immediate civil rights, full and equal rights. He was all for Elite professionals not vocational workers, believing that they were more valuable. In 1903 Dubois used the term "The Talented Tenth" a group of college educated blacks needed to accomplish social change. "The Negro [...] is going to be saved by its exceptional men" -
Cuba
Cuba was trying to gain their independence from Spain. Their first rebellion failed in 1860s. Autonomy increased, which is the idea of self government, freedom from external control. America had investments in Cuba, such as sugar, fifty million dollars were invested in Cuba. Then the had a second rebellion that caused economic depression in the 1890s, Rebels destroyed sugar plantations, but made sure to leave American ones alone. -
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy was a U.S sponsored agreement, that allows non european powers to join in the Chinese market, it was non-binding, meaning they can back out at any time. It protected equal privileges among countries trading with China. Equal access to ports open to trade with China, as well as 'non establish' the right to trade with no duties(taxes). The policy was strictly market economy and protected american economic and political interest. -
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt is the youngest president at age 42. who became president after the assassination of president Mckinley in 1901. His presidential term was from September 14, 1901 to March 4, 1909. Teddy was an energetic and enthusiastic person, considered a 'big little kid' , he was also a lecturer and an athlete. President roosevelt was a trustbuster, filing suits against trust he believed were not beneficial, like J.P Morgan, cornering the transportation market. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford revolutionized the auto industry. Fords idea about building cars was different from other manufacturers, he wanted to build inexpensive vehicles, catering to farmers. The Ford Motor Company began in 1903. Their first production car was the Model A but a more successful release was the Model T in 1908. A new idea he brought, that is still used today, the Assembly Line Process helped him in maximum efficiency and reduce vehicle cost. In 1914 the Model T was only $490. -
Roosevelt Corollary
The Roosevelt Corollary was an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt in his annual speeches in 1904. President Roosevelt took the monroe doctrine a step further over seas. His corollary would stop European colonization in Latin America, declaring it off limits.The US was an international police power.Teddy wanted Latin America to be a U.S lake. The Roosevelt Corollary justified American intervention throughout the western hemisphere. -
Upton Sinclair: The Jungle
Upton Sinclair, an american journalist wrote 'The Jungle' in 1906, published in February 26, 1906. In his novel, Sinclair wrote about the poor and harsh conditions of exploited immigrants. He also exposed the reality of the food industry: rotten meat, severed fingers and rat feces. In June 30, 1906 the Meat Inspection act was passed where the government could condemn meat, as well as the Pure food and Drug act, the gov can fine companies for fake ads. The Jungle made people call for a change. -
Muller v. Oregon
During the Progressive era women wanted equal working rights. The Muller v. Oregon case originated when the owner of 'Grand Laundry made Emma Gotcher work longer than the 10 hours allowed by state law. A law that was passed in 1903, that set working hours for women. Mullers attorney stressed that women deserved the same rights and privileges like every other citizen and should be allowed to freely make their own decisions, Feminists grew with opinions that states cannot lay disabilities on women -
Election of 1912
In the election of 1912, Taft is nominated by republicans, Woodrow Wilson was for the Democratic party and Theodore Roosevelt ran again as part the Progressive Era or "Bull Moose Party". Roosevelt was campaigning on 'New Nationalism; and Woodrow campaigning for 'New Freedom' The famous nickname "Bull moose party" was given by Teddy when he was shot on his way to deliver a speech. He mentioned that "it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose" , -
Alliances/ Powers
An alliance is a relationship among groups that have joined together to achieve a common purpose, a formal political, economic agreement between nations. Alliances meant that if your allied nation goes to war, you'd support them/ join. In 1914 the major powers of Europe were divided in two groups: Central Power and Allied Powers. Central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Allied Powers were Great Britain, France, Serbia, Russia, Japan, Italy. But the U.S stayed neutral. -
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World War I
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Beginning WWI
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria- Hungary in Sarajevo sparked conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The archduke was assassinated by a black hand serbian member: Gavrilo Princip. He shot him and his wife while they were being driven in an open car. Austria-Hungary demands that they bring their own investigators and judge to take a look in the case. Bosnia is not okay with all their demands, so Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, beginning the first world war. -
Panama Canal
The Canal is a system of locks, making an artificial lake. It was built to provide a shorter route between the Caribbean and the Pacific. President Teddy Roosevelt purchased the right to build it for $40mill. The Panama Canal was first proposed in the 1500s but building the canal would be a struggle due to dense vegetation, the hot temperatures and disease, like malaria carried by mosquitoes, that killed many workers of the Canal. Workers also faced big obstacles while digging, like mountains. -
US Neutral Power
Even as America remained as a neutral power, the U.S still traded with Britain. We would provide with food and weapons. But then Britain blockaded Germany, affecting American trade. Then Germany set a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, U-boats would target american or alliances ships that they believed were armed, but under the Sussex Pledge, Germany promises not to target U.S passenger ships. In May 7, 1915 a U-Boat torpedoed Rms Lusitania with Americans on board, angering Americans. -
Pancho Villa
The relationship between U.S and Mexico tense up because the U.S government supports the corrupt Mexican government. Mexico was having its own revolution against their Mexican dictator, Porfirio Diaz . A famous Mexican Revolutionary General Francisco 'Pancho' Villa. He leads an attack to the border town Columbus, New Mexico of 1,500 guerrillas a brutal raid on March 9, 1916. To destroy the rebellion, Wilson orders General John Pershing to order men to the border and capture Pancho Villa. -
Weapons/ Warfare
World War I brought new developments on weapons and warfare. Trenches are a type of excavation in the ground, used During WWI from 1914-1917, the men would be in stalemate not being able to move more than 20 miles. Trenches had break when Tanks were introduced, which destroyed Trench warfare. Also in 1917 Germany created and introduced Mustard gas, which is poisonous gas that blistered the skin, irritated eyes and lungs, killing many men. Aircraft was also first used in WWI. -
Zimmerman Telegraph
Mexico was going through their own revolution in 1910s. Rebels opposed the Mexican dictatorship, so they began raiding towns. The U.S supported the Mexican government, making U.S towns a target too. The U.S started paying attention to the rebels, this interested Germany because it was distracting the U.S from WW1 conflict. Arthur Zimmerman sends a message to MX proposing a Mexican-Germany alliance. Germany promises to help give back the mexican territories lost: Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. -
Hysteria
During World War I hysteria arose in americans. An Anti-German idea, citizens would think that everyone around them were German spies. On Flag day President Wilson then said "The military masters of Germany have filled our unsuspecting communities with vicious spies and conspirators[...]" As a response Congressed passed the Espionage Act in June 15, 1917, making it a crime to obstruct military recruitment. Then the Sedition Act was passed which made it illegal to criticize the Federal Government -
Spanish Flu
The Spanish flu, an extreme deadly outbreak occurred in 1918. Victims of the flu typically died from drowning in their own body fluids. The pandemic of 1918 is the deadliest in history, it infected around 500 million people worldwide, of which 25 million americans got sick, and 675,000 americans died at home. Becoming more lethal than the Black death in the late middle ages and more deaths than the casualties in WWI. The origins of the flu was said to be caused by birds, starting in Kansas. -
14 points
President Wilson's Fourteen Points speech is delivered on January 8, 1918 in a congress meeting. In Wilson's speech he outlines his Fourteen Points for achieving long-lasting peace with other nations. The Fourteen Points are principles of peace that could be used for peace negotiation. He proposes that the Allies and the Central Powers come to a peace agreement. Believing that the only way for peace was through disarmament, free trade, democracy and resolutions for territorial disputes. -
End of War
World War I was known as the 'War that ends all wars' because of the great destruction it caused and the many lives lost. On November 1918, Germany calls for an armistice ending the war without a major defeat for the Germans. The death tolls are Britain- 722k, France- 1.3M, Germany- 1.8M, U.S- 116,500. On January 1919, the Allied and Central powers meet in Paris secretly, leaving Germany out, to negotiate a peace treaty, the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty holds Germany responsible for the war -
Prohibition: Crime
In 1917 the 18th amendment was passed but it went into effect on 1920 outlawing the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol. Police began enforcing the amendment by raiding neighborhoods, smashing wine, beer or any other alcoholic beverage found in hopes for society to become more law-abiding but it failed. Prohibition sparked crime. Now mobsters like Al Capone began bootlegging alcohol and financing breweries. Secret bars or Speakeasies were opening and even women were attending. -
Ku Klux Klan
As a backlash of all the changes in the 1920s people responded by going after immigrants. The Ku Klux Klan advocated extremist white supremacy, they were now spread nationwide. In the 1920s the KKK had 4 million members. They were primarily against immigrants, jews and catholics. Even whites who didn't support the KKK received repercussion in the form of violence and intimidation just like African Americans. Initially the Klan was suppressed by the gov. but politicians were members as well. -
Harlem Renaissance
As Africans Americans migrated to northern cities like New York, they brought and created new social and cultural landscapes. The Harlem Renaissance was the embracement and celebration of African-American art, music, literature and culture that took place in Harlem, New York. Jazz evolved from the Harlem Renaissance. Singers like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington arose, performing in Jazz venues or Cotton Clubs, where both white and african americans attend. -
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1920s
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Alcohol
The Temperance movement began in the early 19th century. Temperance is the abstinence of alcohol drinks. Women believed that alcohol turned men violent. Women were champions of temperance. The Women's Christian Temperance Union(WCTU) grew, Frances Willard the president was a suffragette and a temperance reformer. In January 16th, 1919 the 18th amendment, Prohibition was completed, but would take effect on January 17th, 1919 making alcohol illegal. -
Women: 19th amendment
Throughout history, women have fought for social and political equality. Suffrage is the idea that women had the right to vote in elections, just like men. Advocates of the suffrage movement, were called suffragist. Susan B. Anthony a suffragette along with activist Elizabeth Stanton founded the National American Suffrage Association. In 1918 President Wilson announced his support for women suffrage. And on 1920 women gained the right to vote. A milestone in women's equality -
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Louisa Higgins was born on September 15, 1879 in Corning, NY. Margaret a nurse and a birth control advocate, founder of the birth-control movement in the U.S. In her brief nurse career she witnessed maternal mortality and high infant rates. She believed that children made women improvise, she opened the first birth control clinic to educate women to not do illegal abortion and teach the dangers of contraceptives. But she was eventually arrested for promoting 'promiscuity' birth control. -
The Teapot Dome Scandal
The Teapot Scandal began in 1921, it exposed the government of corruption. Albert Fall was a U.S senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior, famous for his involvement in the Teapot Scandal. Fall was accused of accepting bribes/leases from oil companies without bidding for higher prices. The Senate had a vigorous investigation, eventually convicting fall for accepting bribes . The Teapot Dome Scandal marked the first cabinet member in U.S history to go to prison. -
Warren Harding
Warren Harding was the 29th president, a term from March 4, 1921 until his death in 1923. During his presidential campaign, he advocated a "return to normalcy" and rejected Woodrow Wilson plan for the League of Nations, he believed it was limiting to foreign policy. HIs presidential term got off to a good start, taxes were reduced, and high protective tariffs were enacted, but his administration was affected with a political scandal when his cabinet member was accused of accepting bribes. -
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Mosiah Garvey was a Jamaican Immigrant who became the leader of the Black Nationalist. Garvey shared the same idea as Booker T. Washington of african american economic empowerment, but he didnt believe in social integration. He was against the doing away Jim Crow. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to provide social and economical benefits for their members. His ideas were shut down when he was convicted of mail fraud in 1923, bringing down the UNIA -
Election of 1932
The American presidential election took place on November 8, 1932. Current President Hebert Hoover ran for the Republican party and Franklin D. Roosevelt for the Democratic party. The american presidency was dominated by the Republicans most of the time period. President Hoover's fate was sealed with his indeferency to the suffering of american people. Franklin D Roosevelt runs a conservative campaign promising reforms to help the Great Depression, he easily wins overwhelmingly. -
First Red Scare
The First Red Scare began in 1919, it was a period after World War I where americans developed the Anti-communist idea fearing Germans in the U.S. Americans had a growing fear for communism because it meant that everything they own would actually be the governments. As a response President Coolidge passed the Immigration Act of 1924 on May 26 to slow the flow of immigrants. The act banned all asians from entering the U.S. Also, deportation of anarchist(don't believe in gov.) and communist began. -
Scope Monkey Trial
Fundamentalism is a form of religion were its believed that the bible is the absolute truth. Fundamentalist had a growing problem: evolution. Evolution is the idea that humans evolved from monkeys, which the World Christian Fundamentals Assoc. prohibited from teaching it at schools. John Scopes was accused of teaching about evolution, he soon was arrested and put on trial. On July 21, 1925, Scopes is found guilty and fined $100. The trial was a media spectacle. -
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh or as friends called him Lucky Lindy was an American aviator and military officer. He is known for one of his greatest accomplishments, crossing the Atlantic ocean in an airplane. The name of Lindbergh's airplane was the Spirit of St. Louis. His non stop flight over the Atlantic ocean took 33.5 hours. Only carrying a flashlight, rubber raft, water and sandwiches. On May 21, 1927 he landed near paris completing the first solo airplane flight across the Atlantic Ocean. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
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The Crash
Wall Street Stock Market Crash was originated by the overproduction of goods when there was a falling demand and unemployment rates were risen. There was unequal income distribution, most went to the 1%, the rich. US also imposed high tariffs in countries overseas and countries overseas impose high tariffs back. Stock prices were declining and on October 20, 1929 fell. Thousands ran to banks to withdraw their money, but many had no backups, millions lost life savings. -
The Dust Bowl
One of the worst droughts in American history was the Dust Bowl also known as the Dry Thirties. The Dust Bowl lasted from 1930-1940. Soil Exhaustion was caused by farmers continually using up the nutrients of the same piece of land, making the soil lose with no vegetation to hold it. It primarily hit the southern plains. Dust blanketed major cities with a yellowish-brown haze. Families were barricaded in their homes, they had to wear masks and cover their windows and doors with blankets, -
Huey Long
Huey Pierce Long, nicknamed "The KingFish" was born on August 30, 1893 in Winnfield, Louisiana. Huey was a former powerful Louisiana governor that became senator in 1932. He was politically ambitious. Huey promised with his 'Share-Our Wealth' plan "every man a king, a radical redistribution of wealth, no one can make over $1 million and guaranteed income even if one didn't work. He supported Old age pensions, veterans benefits, educational support and the reduction of working days. -
Hoovers Response
The Stock Market crashed on October 20, 1929. Millions of americans lost life savings. President Herbert Hoover did not realize the severity of it. He believed that the economy would fix itself. In 1929 he said "Any lack of confidence in the economic future or strength of business in the United States is foolish" Realizing that he needed to do something about it, he passed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act on 1932, the first major relief attempt under Hoover to give states federal money. -
20th amendment
On January 23, 1932, the 20th amendment was ratified. The 20th amendment moved the beginning and end of the presidential and congress terms. The Presidential inauguration would take place in January instead of March."The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January. The amendment also stated that if the president dies prior to taking oath, the Vice President will be President -
Bonus March
In 1924, Congress rewarded the Veterans of World War 1 with bonus certificates redeemable in 1945. During the Great Depression many of the former servicemen lost their jobs and money so they wanted to redeem their money earlier. On July 18, 1932 around 15,000 men marched to Washington, DC but they were ignored. President Hoover then orders General Douglas Macarthur and his army to remove the veterans forcefully. The Bonus army was not successful. -
The New Deal
Twenty-five percent of the U.S population were out of work in the Great Depression. By 1933, 16 million were unemployed. President Franklin D Roosevelt proposed the New Deal, a plan of reforms to combat the Great Depression. Reforms in industry, waterpower, and housing. During his first hundred days most of the 'New deal' was enacted. The plan last from 1933-1938. It created dozens of new government agencies, relieving unemployment. Also stabilizing banks and cleaning up the bad ones. -
The Alphabet Soup
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 'New Deal' set reforms to combat the Great Depression, creating a large number of new government agencies, collectively known as the Alphabet Soup. Organizations like the Works Progress Administration(WPA) and Civilian Conservation Crops (CCC) were establish to provide temporary jobs on construction projects and youth work in National Park projects. Many more agencies and laws were passed like the (AAA), (TVA),(RFC),(NIRA, (PWA), Wagner Act, Social Security Act. -
Holocaust
The Holocaust also known as Sho'ah was the genocide or mass murder of six million European Jews by the Nazis during World War II. Jews, Poles, Slaves, Gypsies, Homosexuals and POWs were sent to concentration camps. Nazi leader, Adolph Hitler always viewed Jews as the inferior race. The Holocaust is an extreme example of anti-semitism. Anti-semitism is the hostility and prejudice against Jewish people. In 1944/5 Allies began freeing prisoners of war from Nazis concentration camps. -
21st amendment
The Eighteen Amendment was passed on January 16, 1919 prohibiting the manufacturing, selling and transportation of alcohol in the U.S and the Volstead Act of 1919 enforced the amendment. The Eighteen Amendment was repealed by the 21st amendment, which was ratified on December 5, 1933. Alcohol became legal once again for various reasons like the profit made in government revenues from tax on alcohol and the rise of crime during the Prohibition time period. -
Nazis
The National Socialist German Workers' Party, NAZIS was a political party in which leader was Adolph Hitler. The Nazi's party membership soared to millions during the Depression in Germany. Adolph Hitler was a natural orator and with his speeches and radical ideas he took hold of many germans disillusionment. After becoming Fuhrer 'Leader' in 1934, his government declares the Nazi Party to be the only political party, banning the other political parties. He then establishes the Third Reich. -
The Neutrality Acts
The Neutrality acts were laws passed between 1935-1939 to prevent the United States from being involved in foreign wars. Congress passed laws that restricted arm sales, loans and other goods to warring nations. Cash and Carry was a policy that President FDR persisted on, it exempted from the Neutrality Acts, allowing warring nations to 'buy' goods. Goods were sold only if the nation wanting them, transported them and payed with cash, as well as providing the materials and manuals. -
Supreme Court Packing
Roosevelt's New Deal legislation kept on being ruled unconstitutional and getting shot down by the Supreme Court of The United States. As a response President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced his plan of expanding the Supreme Court to 15 judges on February 5, 1937. FDR claimed that the justices were old age hampering their decisions, so he proposed the addition of a judge for every judge over 70 years old that served more than 10 years, to make the SCOUTS more efficient. -
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World War II
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German-Soviet Non Agression Pact
On August 23, 1939 Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed the German-Soviet Non Aggression Pact, in which both countries (Germany and the Soviet Union) agreed to neutrality, to not take military action against each other. With Pact, Joseph Stalin bought time to build up the Soviet Army and Hitler used the Pact to invade Poland. Hitler did not want a two front war so he took out the West first, but the Non Aggression soon fell down when Nazis began invading the Soviet Union in June 1941. -
The Battle of the Atlantic
The Battle of the Atlantic started immediately after the European war began in September 3 1939 until the surrender of Germany in 1945. It was the longest and most complex naval battle in history. During the six years Germans sank over 100 ships a month and tens of thousands of men were killed in the Atlantic ocean. Technology played a major role in the battle, The Enigma machine was used by Britain's code breakers as a way of deciphering German signals and they improved air surveillance . -
Battle of Britain
Germany bombs Britain in July 1940 to June 1941. Hitler wanted to launch his Sea Lion Operation but it never materialized due to the fact that German's air force was no match. So instead he launched the Blitz, a massive aerial bombing to Britain during the night. Britain's Luftwaffe(german airforce)bombed sixteen british cities and at one point they bombed for 57 consecutive nights. But the Luftwaffe fails to gain air superiority, Britain wins the battle with their airforce. -
Pearl Harbor
On December 7th, 1941, Japan launched a surprise aerial attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii . Sunday before 8 a.m. Imperial Japanese Air Service striked the United States naval base located at Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor is located 2,000 miles from U.S mainland and 4,000 miles from Japan. Eight battleships were damaged, planes and supplies were destroyed. More than 2k military and civilians were killed. The following day President Franklin D. Roosevelt asks congress to declare war on Japan. -
D-Day
D-Day or the Normandy landings were the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation overland. It was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history. Allied supreme commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower tricked and decepted Germany to convince them that the Allies were planning to land East. Eisenhower led 150,000 american, british and Canadian forces on the five beaches along a 50 mile stretch. More than 5k ships and 13k aircrafts were used in the invasion -
VE Day
VE Day or Victory in Europe Day, is when Great Britain and the United Sates launch celebrations to mark the formal acceptance of the Nazi's surrender of its armed force. After nearly six years of war, and millions of deaths, the war in Europe was finally over. Millions rejoice and celebrations erupt all throughout the world. President Truman announces the official surrender "The forces of Germany have surrendered to the United Nations, the flags of freedom fly all over Europe"
