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Psychology of Selling Products
People will do anything to sell their products. When big money business became a thing, these producers went through a lot of advertising to sell their items. Companies hired psychologists to learn about the people's wants and desires. They wanted to have proof that they are better. Also like today, famous people were hired to promote companies and their products. In advertisements, catchy phrases became common. -
Department Stores
Department stores were a part of building the new modern mass market. The very first department store opened in 1846.Goods were organized into particular sections allowing costumers to shop easily and have all they need in one place. Fixed prices, money back guarantees, and free delivery were all things that attracted people into buying goods in a certain place. Some people didn't even purchase anything, just wanted to feel the experience. -
Transcontinental Railroad
There are two corporations: Union Pacific and Central Pacific. The railroad is essential to helping expand the nation. The Union Pacific built its way West, and the Central Pacific built its way towards the East. Both corporations met in the Promontory Point, Utah in May 1869. The Transcontinental Railroad exploited Chinese and Irish and are the largest land holders. Congress grants railroad companies 10 sq. mi of land for every mile of track built. -
Western Settlement
The Western Settlement was supposed to help populate the West. The Homestead Act was free land. Settlers received 160 acres if land was "improved" for five years. Landless farmers, former slaves, and single women took advantage. The Morril Land Grant College Act funded new universities in sparsely populated areas (usually the West) through taxes on the sale of public land. -
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Transforming the West
This era can also be known as the time of the cowboy. In here, we begin to see why the west is known for its cattle rides, nativism, and the western romanticism. People dreamed of one day knowing the place where people continuously talk about with excitement. We hear stories of men riding horses on the sunset, and women in love. Although, this was a horrible time for Native Americans. They experienced seeing their sources of life be destroyed: the cattle, as well as their homes. -
America as an Industrial Power
After the civil war, business booms in America. In 1860, America's industrialization was well behind Western Europe. Then over 40 years in 1900, we became the world leader on raw goods and through cheap labor (immigrants, children). This is also a time of new, modern inventions that we have today like the Kodak camera, telephone, light bulb, motion picture camera, phonograph, and electrical products. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
America becomes booming in production. After seeing other nations succeed overwhelmingly, the U.S decides is time for them to join. New companies take show like Carnegie's oil company, Rockefeller's steel company, and department stores. With all of these crazy actions, they become obsessed and create more ways to earn more money: monopolies. -
Oil
Oil is as important as steel and changed the business of America as well. Instead of using whale oil, Americans are now able to use this resource found from the ground. John D. Rockefeller is basically everything Andrew Carnegie is but in oil. He controlled about 90% of domestic oil. He went from controlling all phases of production (vertical integration) from companies that bought out their competition (horizontal integration). -
South Dakota Gold
Native Americans have been pushed and forced to move out of land for their whole life. They were unwanted in everywhere they went and their supplies as well as their homes were removed. White Americans had told them to move to South Dakota because it had no valuable use to them, though soon, gold was discovered and whites come to mine. The Sioux (Indian tribe) ordered off of hunting grounds to reservations. They refuse causing the government to send an army. -
Cattle
Longhorns were the mixture between Spanish and English cows. They were popular on dinner tables, made into burgers. Though crops were a way of making profit, longhorns and other cattle will begin to change that. Animal in the North were sold for about $40 each, and South was $4. Soon, the lack of railroads into Texas cause the cowboys take show and build up manliness, courage, and independence. Their appearance lasted about 20 years. -
Farmer's Alliance
Farmer's Alliance was a voice for farmers. An economic movement among the American farmers beginning in the 1880s who wanted government regulation of railroads and banks by attacking monopolies because of crop failures, failing prices, poor marketing, and credit facilities. They have high interest loans which they want to reduce. Cooperative united farmers and start negotiating higher crop prices. Soon they'll win in 1890. -
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The Gilded Age
This time period shows a little bit of joy and at the same time, depression. "The period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath." The Gilded Age is a period of American history between 1870 and 1900. There is a massive gain in economy and industry. The U.S population tripled. It is also a time for corruption and regionalism. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
After the discovery of gold in South Dakota, an army is sent to remove the Sioux tribe. George Custer, an graduate of lowest grade and someone who has never accomplished anything, takes lead into this battle and he has the desire to become a hero. Custer underestimated the size of native forces and winds up being slaughtered. The media portrayed him as a hero and played down his error. It was an excuse for further settlement and reservations. -
Police Interference (Strikes)
Many workers were experiencing problems and difficulties in their jobs. Their wages were so low that people weren't even able to pay living expenses. Children began to work and since they didn't think of the dangers, they too got hurt at the job. Soon, after many injuries, workers begin a strike. Police routinely broke up the strikes and arrested leaders. Though as hard as workers fought for better job conditions and more money, the result was a failure. -
Beginnings of the Middle Class
City centers became center of commerce. No one lived there because it's very loud and expensive. Skyscrapers, suburbs become a bigger thing. This will lead to the middle class. The lifestyle through this period was difficult to be spending a lot of money, but also, many wanted to be a part of it. The middle class had fewer kids because they cost a lot of money. They were in between of being poor and rich. -
Race Issues (Strikes)
White workers wanted so badly to better job conditions and better pay that they went on strikes. It was supposed to help them get a voice above the employers and perhaps force them to grant them their wish. After quitting their jobs, many Chinese immigrants and African Americans began to take over the jobs. Strikers definitely didn't see that coming and soon began to regret their choice because now they have no source for money. This created a bigger issue between race. -
Mail Order Catalogues
Richard W. Sears is a man of intelligence when it comes to business. He had his eye open for any possible chance given to him to make money. As time passed by, he creates his own store with the help of his good friend, Alvah C. When he saw his competition Montgomery Ward, he didn't let anything stop him from becoming #1 in business in America. He began creating catalogues that showed what he had in store. He made himself seem friendly to poor people as well, earning their trust. -
Social Gospel Movement
The Social Gospel Movement, as its name has it, was a religious movement that took place int he 19th century. Many ministers belonging to the Protestant branch of Christianity. began to unite salvation and good work together. They wanted people to be followers of Jesus Christ, and solve the social issues of this time period. This movement was formed to improve conditions in the cities by church groups. -
Steel
America's main building block is steel which allowed us to be #1. Though steel has been around the earth for a long time, it has never really been resourceful because it is so expensive. It could not mass produce in 19th century. Soon, an Scottish immigrant, Andrew Carnegie invests in the Bessemer Process which is mass producing steel at low prices. After growing up poor in a farm, Andrew will finish his life being rich. -
Asssimilation
Assimilation was created to bring in and changed Natives to white culture though some Americans see the injustice towards natives. Helen Hunt wrote "A Century of Dishonor" to speak out for the mistreat of natives. Soon the Congress realized their cruel ways began supported educating natives but some were sent to boarding school. Sarah Winnemucca was a native reformer and gained attention for Indian rights. -
Immigrants
Immigrants such as Swedish, Norwegian, German were settled in Northern areas. The Irish and Chinese were wage workers because they were those who experienced more racism and violence. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was passed by Congress and banned further immigration to the U.S. immigration quotas to protect white workers. -
Monopolies
John Rockefeller invented two important elements: trusts and holding companies. Trusts brought different companies in the same industry under control of a board of trustees. The company turns over stock for a profit that is guaranteed. People begin to get mad and upset and turn to the government for help. The government decides to create the Sherman Anti Trust Act which tries to break up monopoly. -
Nativism
Nativism are those wear people who want to "fix" immigration and put an end to it. Americans hated the slums and strikes. The Chinese Exclusion Act, as the name says it, was meant to get rid of Chinese. The American Protective Association was also passed ti help get rid immigrants as well as the Catholic Church. Literacy tests were given to see if these immigrants were smart enough. Also, Americans were very cautious in making sure no diseases were caught on their way to the country. -
Pendleton Act
After President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau, Congress passed the Pendleton (Civil Service) Act: Law that created a Civil Service Commission. It stated that federal employees couldn't be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons. It was also a Spoils System.Changes made against favors. It established the Civil Service exam. -
Haymarket Riot
In May 4th, a labor protest in Haymarket Sq., Chicago, turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at the policemen. Eight officers were killed and others were left injured by the blast. Others who were thought to be a participant in the bombing were convicted. Four of those were executed, one committed suicide, and the other two were pardon. The four who were executed became international symbols of the struggle between capitol and labor. -
Great Upheaval of 1886
The Great Upheaval of 1886 was a work stoppage and labor protests touching every part of the nation which occurred nationwide on May 1st-after the Civil War- a term to describe the horrid year of workers striking and confrontation. The most notorious strike is the Haymarket Riot where seven policemen were killed by a bomb explosion. -
Killing of the Buffalo
The buffalo was a very important source of the native life. Beginning with the Western Settlement, the use of buffalo began to take an even major part. Natives used every part of the animal to make sure nothing goes to waste and praised the buffalo for life. Though soon, white Americans almost hunted the buffalo to extinction. Only a few thousands were left by the late 1880's. The natives were upset to see a devastating view. -
Ghost Dances
The Ghost Dance Movement began as a resistance to white rule. A shaman envisioned a flood washing away whites, and natives return to their way of life. Dead spirits supposed to protect them from bullets. Military leaders saw it as a threat and began intervention, leading to the Wounded Knee Massacre. 300 Sioux (Indian tribe) were killed while they performed a ghost dance. -
Anti-Trust Act
Before the Progressive Era, there were many people trying to get themselves involved in the industries. There's Carnegie and Rockefeller for example who tried to make more profit by creating Trusts which allowed for them to have no competition. The people were against this because they were forced to buy every-day goods for an extreme amount of money. Theodore Roosevelt believed this was to be gone and passed the Anti-Trust Act and gets his new nickname "Trust Buster." -
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Progressive Era
The Progressive era is a time of prosperity one could say. Before this time, there was many issues like child labor, market riots, women suffrage, and still race issues. The Progressive era will try to change most of the problems. Leaders will arise to represent others. Carrie A Nation, W.E.B DuBois, and Booker T. Washington. People also experience the court case Muller v. Oregon. Child labor will come to an end. People will realize children need an education and a better childhood. -
City Beautiful Movement
The whole purpose of the City Beautiful Movement is renew the city and reduce/eliminate problems by design. Public squares, large open parks, and boulevards will be created. People wanted its city to look beautiful, unlike tenements. With these new ideas, comes a new architecture. Americans were trying to reach a classical look. All of these factors is what attracted the American eyes in new, rebuilt cities. -
Depression of 1893
The Depression of 1893 is one of the worst serious economic depression in U.S History which triggered a depression that lasted for four years. Banks, railroads, and everyday business went under. Many questioned Laissez-Faire capitalism. It was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. J.P. Morgan & Co. led a bond offering that helped the Panic on February 20, 1895. -
W.E.B. DuBois
African Americans also have a say in the Progressive Era. W.E.B. DuBois was a African American leader loved by other African American but hated by whites. He believed that African Americans deserve their rights & they shouldn't be "earned." His idea of achieving equality was through professional educated people like politicians, leaders, and teachers. Later on, he co-founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) so colored people had help to achieve their goals. -
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington was born into slavery in Virginia. He is known for being an educator and reformer who preached a philosophy. He thought that education and vocational jobs like skilled labor and metal workers were the way to reach economic equality. Washington believed in gradual reformation for African Americans. Because of this, he was disliked by African American and loved more by whites. -
Western Romanticism
The people who haven't experienced what is like to be in the West, visualize it as an adventurous place with wide open land, mountains, rivers, and Indians. The reason for this is because of the Western-Dime novels that were popular in the East and Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. It dealt with Indian fights, cowboys, cattle drives, lassoing, and marksmanship. -
Election of 1896
Republican William McKinley and Democratic representative William Jennings Bryan go against eachother to win the presidency. These two candidates argue whether gold or silver. The Democracy Party wanted to put an end to monopolies and depression. People who had no interest in business whatsoever were against these monopolies. -
U.S.S Maine
In February 15, 1898, the U.S.S Maine explodes for an unknown reason in Havana Harbor. The media blames the Spanish stating that it was a harbor mine, but in reality, it was because of its faulty design. Because of the massive explosion, Americans want to declare war against Spain, including the politics. President McKinley negotiates and wants independence for Cuba. Congress declares war and passes the Teller Amendment which makes annexing Cuba illegal. -
Territorial Acquisition
As a result of the Spanish-American war, US gained territories like Philippine, Puerto Rico, Guam, and while we had the chance, took Hawaii to protect ships. though US didn't annex Cuba, but didn't let become completely independent. the Platt Amendment authorized protection for Cuba's independence and allowed the US to buy lands for the purpose of establishing naval bases (Guantanamo Bay). Cuba and Puerto Rico were gateways to Latin American markets. -
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Imperialism
Between the late 1800s and early 1900s, the U.S tried to acquire more lands and expand its nation. It all begins with the U.S.S Maine incident. Since then, America began trying to gain power of many things they could. Also, during this time, Philippine American War begins. As years go by, a new president is elected. The election of 1900 will determine who will lead America for the following years. And though there was a time for prosperity, still many problems continue to be unresolved. -
Philippine-American War
The cause of the war began after a leader declare independence. After Spain lost to America in the Spanish-American war, the U.S had gained more territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii, and Philippine. Filipinos did not rebel against U.S intervention, nor when the U.S fought against Spain. They did rebel when U.S decided to not allow the Philippines to become an independent country, instead a U.S colony. The war officially ended in 1902- an American victory. -
Election of 1900
It is year 1900 and William McKinley runs in representation of Republicans with Theodore Roosevelt as his Vice President, while William Jennings Bryan represents the Democratic Party. A rematch. the democrats were leading to nominating Spanish-American war hero-George Dewey-admiral of the navy- made a fool out of himself and allowing Jennings back into the election. during McKinley first term the us became much stronger and the economy was better making him popular and easily renominated. -
Child Labor
Children during this were forced to work heavily and sometimes they would even get injured during the jib. they worked to keep families financially going and parents believed it build character. Some claimed it ruined childhood, health, and lack of educational opportunities. Soon, new laws will be passed and SCOTUS found them unconstitutional. School attendance will take place and require all children to learn and get an education. -
Wizard of Oz
In 1890s, farmers wanted to add silver to the gold standard to put more money in the circulation. Silver (Dorothy's original shoes) and gold (road) on the way to prosperity. The munchkins are the common people oppressed by the Witch of the East (banks & monopolies.) The Scarecrow is the farmer- considered naive but resourceful. Tin Woodman being the industrial worker dehumanized by factor labor. Cowardly Lion being William Jennings Bryan since he wouldn't adopt the Populist's radical program. -
China
The Sphere of Influence was an area where foreign countries control trade or natural resources of another nation. Europe was involved in expanding its economy through trade in East China. The Open Door Policy granted equal trade opportunities for all countries. The U.S created this policy they could as well have a fair chance in trading and acquiring economic markets in Asia. The Dollar Diplomacy was William Taft's answer to the question of how to exert influence (particularly in Latin America.) -
Big Stick Policy
The Big Stick Policy is a brief statement of his approach to foreign policy. Theodore Roosevelt once said to "speak softly and carry a big stick." By this, what he was trying to get across was that one shouldn't act all tough. President Roosevelt said this when dealing with foreign policy in the Caribbean. His strategy of “speaking softly and carrying a big stick,” shaped much of Roosevelt’s foreign policy. -
Roosevelt Corollary
It is said that the Roosevelt Corollary has expanded the Monroe Doctrine. It declares that the U.S would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the region. What Theodore Roosevelt wanted was to prevent European interventions in Latin America because of unpaid debts. The U.S would interfere in Latin America so that Europeans couldn't. The corollary also stated that the U.S had the responsibility to preserve other countries. -
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was a German war plan developed by Afred Graf von Schlieffen to defeat France and Russia. After declaring war on Russia because of Austria-Hungary, the adoption of the plan caused Germany to declare war on France. This plan would help avoid French defenses by invasion of Belgium. In the first weeks of the war, eight German armies pushed through Belgium and attacked France. By November, the Western Front was locked in trench warfare. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford revolutionized auto industry. He reduced costs by assembly line process as well as standardized auto parts, improved machinery, & produced more cars for less. He passed savings on to consumers, benefits on to employees, & workers were well paid they even bought his products. His rules were workers had to work for a year before the deal kicks in, men must live with family, no gambling or excessive drinking. Ford was able to earn respect through all this things & benefited his company. -
Muller v Oregon
It is the Progressive Era and women find this time as a chance to get their equal voting rights. They are tired of being ignored and want that to change. There was an issue that only prohibited women from working more than 10 hours a day. Curt Muller was charged for allowing a worker to spend more than 10 hours. She was then fined ten dollars. The Muller v Oregon court case is to be remembered because it regulates women's working hours. -
Carrie A. Nation
Carrie A. Nation was born in November 25, 1846. She is known to be a leader & activist for women. During this time, she was a 64 year old religious woman who went to saloons with a Bible in her hand and smashed bars up with her small ax. She strongly opposed men who drank and beat their wives. Her purpose to this smashing was to get women to vote and create a "New" Temperance Movement. Because of her, alcohol was made illegal in most states by 1917, and individual countries banned alcohol. -
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ended the dictatorship & established a constitutional Republican government. The causes for the revolution includes the need for political & land reforms, education & nationalism. As well as the WWI effect like economic recession, because foreigners controlled large amounts of the economy, & mainly because of economic unbalance. Some of its consequences was a national confederation to represent workers, & Party of the Institutionalized Revolution. -
Election of 1912
In this election, three major candidates fought against each other, making this election stand out so much. Theodore Roosevelt runs in the Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party), Woodrow Wilson in the Democratic party, and William H. Taft in the Republican. Roosevelt goes to the Progressive Party because he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party. The reason why Woodrow Wilson won the election was because the Republican Party had split. -
Wilson's Presidency
Woodrow Wilson, after winning the election of 1912, became the 28th US president from 1913-1921, leading America through World War I. He cut tariffs (taxes) leading to the 16th Amendment.-income taxes, during his presidency. Another change was the banking system. Banks operated independently. Wilson tried to remain on the neutral during WWI but later called on Congress to declare war on Germany. Later, he tried to make peace and received a Nobel Prize for it. -
Japanese Immigration
Tensions always arose with issues concerning with immigrants interfering with American jobs. Many felt the need to attack because all of this new-comers were coming and stealing their work. One of the multiple challenges faced by Japanese immigrants was discrimination. This was evident in the state of California were they had passed laws to go furthermore with the exclusion. The racial situation had heated up again in Woodrow Wilson's first term. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is shot to death along with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia, in 1914. The shot was fired by an 18-year-old student named Gavrilo Princip. This is how World War I began. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. In response, Russia declared war on Austria. Germany allied with Austria-Hungary. They (Germany) pushed an invasion of Bosnia. -
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal was first proposed in the 1500s. Some of the problems with building a canal was that it was too hot and vegetaion too dense. The narrowest point of Panama where the canal would eventually be placed was 50 miles. Another issue with the building of the canal was that it gave workers malaria by mosquitoes. Europeans investors left the canal because they didn't have the right equipment nor money. The canal was proposed to work through a system of locks. -
Weapons
Most soldiers equiped with riffles. They had to be cleaned regularly because the dirt and the trenches could jam the firing.Raffles were most commonly used by the Allied Powers. machine guns sustained a fire of 450 to 600 rounds per minute. Flamethrowers were first brought to the battlefields by the Germans. Grenades used to force enemies to get out their trenches. Another deadly weapon was Mustard Gas, slowly killing soldiers by destroying respiratory organs. -
Trench Warfare
The Western Front during World War I is all about trenches to hide. Problems with trenches were that they faced mustard gas, airplanes used for spying, tanks, machine guns, and barbed wire. Many also faced PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). Another issue they encountered was "No Man's Land." This was just simply a term used to describe the ground between the two opposing trenches. It contained a numerous amount of barbed wire. Sometimes the soldiers were sent to spy on the enemy. -
Trench Warfare
The "No Man's Land" was a term used by soldiers to describe the ground between the two opposing trenches. It separated the front lines of the opposing armies. It came to exist by a variety of military and topographic factors. Many soldiers suffered from PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)- a disorder when a person has difficulty recovering after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event. Shell Shock was thought that the illness was caused by being close to exploding shells. -
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World War I
The U.S was supposed to remain neutral on the war, but things change when they involve killing of their people like the RMS Lusitiana ship explosion. The war all begins with the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. After, the heavy war, there were many ways in which Americans tried to make peace like the 14 Points. -
RMS Lusitania
British passenger ship sank in May 1915 and in just 18 minutes, the ship went down and in the end, nearly 1200 people died-including Americans and they get angry. This led to the USA declaring war against Germany. They (Germany) stated that the Lusitania was an enemy ship carrying munitions. Though the U.S was to remain neutral in this ongoing war, Britain was one of their closest trading partners creating bigger tensions over Germany. -
Nature
Part of the Progressive Era includes nature. Theodore Roosevelt was a conservationist and loved nature. He wanted to reform nature as well as the government and labor. national parks, monuments, and animal sanctuaries were created. The public demands for creation of the National Park System which runs all parks, monuments, and historical site. Thanks to Teddy Roosevelt, many good changes will occur. -
Great Migration
The Great Migration is the relocation of African Americans towards the North. After the Civil War, they were struggling with racial segregation, known as Jim Crow. The sharecropping system, only offered little in economic opportunity. All they wanted was a better life, escape the problems of the war, lack of food, escape persecution. By the end of 1919, some 1 million blacks had left the South. By the end of the migration, many African Americans created their own cities and culture. -
Russian Revolution
World War I had began and Russia at war with Germany in 1914. Millions of Russians had been killed or injured after 1917. The Russians were angry at Tsar Nicholas the second for getting them into war, as well as other issues. Several protesters were shot and killed by the soldiers. Basically the people of Russia are in bad conditions. After Tsar overthrown, Bolshevik takes place becoming a more of a communist viewpoint. Vladimir Lenin comes in and signs Peace Treaty with Central Powers. -
Hysteria
It all starts from German spies who began to put tiny explosives in ships going to the Atlantic. Congress passed the Espionage Act (it was a crime to interfere with the draft, spying or obstructing the war effort) & Sedition Act (it was against the law to write or speak disloyal information, or anything bad about the government, war, or president.) This law is used against socialists & communists. German Americans will face discrimination, they change their last names & stop speaking German. -
Spanish Flu
In 1918, the Spanish Flu became a new strain causing worldwide pandemic causing millions to die. In a British army hospital, the Spanish flu jumped from a bird, to a pig, and finally reaching a soldier. The flu was spread by the massive troop movement in WWI. Many troops lived together, allowing the flu to spread faster, reaching contact worldwide. 25 million Americans get sick and 675k died at home. At the end of the war, American deaths surge in Fall 1918. -
Hysteria
Many have heard about the nationalism and the Espionage and Sedition Act can come to show what that really means. Early in the 1900s, people were not allowed to say anything bad about the war. The Espionage Act stated it was a crime to interfere with crime, spying, or obstructing the war effort. The Sedition Act made it a crime to say anything disloyal about the government. Any suspicion of espionage or sedition led to violations of civil rights. -
Spanish Flu
Today, the flu may come of as a minor disease, but between World War I, the what is known as the Spanish Flue killed between 50 and 100 million people- infecting 1/3 of the population worldwide. It was first observed in Europe, the United States, and parts of Asia. Obviously, at this time, there was no medication or vaccinations to treat this illness. To make matters worse, WWI had left the U.S with a shortage of physicians and health care workers. This was a rough time to live in. -
League of Nations
Set up in 1919 designed to stop war. In 1921, it managed to prevent war between Finland and Sweden over the Ireland islands. Ten years later managed to sign an international convention to combat drugs trade. idea of Woodrow Wilson. Its four main aims were to encourage cooperation among the worlds countries in order to prevent any future wars. the second main point was disarment. third improve social conditions meaning curing diseases. the main one was world peace. -
Unions
A labor union can be defined as "an association, organization, or combination of employees who band together to secure favorable wages, improved working conditions, and better work hours, and to resolve grievances against employers." The union membership and activities declined as firms promoted company unions. Unions were for negotiating with employers about wages, hours, benefits, and working conditions. -
19th Amendment
Still, women are very limited to the things they are allowed to do, including walks on the street alone, speaking back to the husband, working hours, or just work, and including the right to vote. The 19th amendment will change that allowing women to vote. Susan B. Anthony (a suffragette and a women's equality activist) raised public awareness and sought to influence the government to grant voting rights to women. -
Jazz
African Americans are known for their beautiful and unique culture. Though many of them have lost some of their traditions due to the fact that whites (owners of slaves) took that away from them, prohibiting them to practice their dances and songs. Artists such as King Oliver, Louis Armstrong and many others defined the future of jazz in the U.S. They revived what was once lost or simply shut away from the public. Though it has risen, many will oppose this genre due to its sex appealing lyrics. -
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was known a the Golden Age, the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City in African American culture, as well as manifesting in literature, music, stage performance, and art. And also, writers, photographers, and musicians get a big time role. Langston Hughes would work with both black and white New York publishing figures. Louis Armstrong was famous for being a jazz trombone artist. James Van Der Zee was a photographer in this time. -
Leisure
Americans had more time off and the satisfaction of buying goods. Some owned cars and went for something they called a joy ride. Radios, they were the TV of that time. People would sit around the living room listening the speaker and imagined what the person was saying. Also, vacuums and other household items were used. Some even just enjoyed and found pleasure in cleaning the house. One more thing invented in this era were silent films. People enjoyed going to the theater and just watch. -
Hitler
Adolf Hitler is natural orator and very charismatic. He takes leadership of the Nationalist Socialist Party (Nazi). In the 1920s, he attempts coup of the Weimar Republic. He will be arrested for treason and spends nine months in jail. While in there, he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), where he blames all the problems on the Jews, and claims to want territory in Eastern Europe. -
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a conservative Republican determined to protect the sovereignty of the United States by defeating the league of Nations. He entered Republican politics on the state level and held multiple offices. He opposed Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points peace plan. He insisted that changes should be made to protect U.S interests. With his power, Lodge ensured that the U.S wouldn't participate in the League of Nations. -
18th Amendment
For many years, people (specifically women) have tried to abolish the use of alcohol because of the abuse it caused and its contradiction to religion. Not only that but crime is involved with drinking addiction. The 18th amendment was created to banned the use and selling of alcohol.This was supposed to lower crime and corruption, reduce social problems, and improve the health and hygiene in America. -
The Lost Generation
The phrase is speaking specifically to ex-patriot writers who left the U.S to take part int he literary culture of cities. The Lost Generation rebelled against Victorian values. It was affected by negativity and remorse of WWI era. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude, Stein, Ernest Hemmingway, and T.S Elliot were all against public codes of conduct and for sexual liberation. They're about escaping unhealthy confines of modern life. Alcohol was an important release for money. -
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1920s
The 1920s is also known as the Roaring 20s. It is a time of prosperity and joy across the U.S nation. During this era, jazz bands, bootleggers, and marathon dancers take show. More amendments are to come as well as new ideas like birth control and evolution. This age is to be recognized for its glamorous and rich new style. -
Birth Control
The creator of birth control was Margaret Sanger. She founded the American Birth Control League as she opened two clinics. The reason for her creation was because she believed that society couldn't evolve unless people practiced family planning. She also educated women about the reproductive process to give them a choice in whether raising a child or not. Her crusade made it legal to publish and distribute information about sex and birth control. Many will contradict her position. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
During the Teapot Dome scandal, secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall is found guilty of accepting a bribe while in office. It was a bribery incident taking place in the U.S from 1921-1922 during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Albert B. Fall secretly granted to Harry F. Sinclair of the Mammoth Oil Company exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome reserves. Not only did he do that, but also granted similar rights to Edward L. Doheny of Pan American Petroleum Company. -
Scopes Money Trial
Back in the day of 80s and 90s, people were very passionate about the scriptures of the Bible and believed in their one and only God. Others contradicted this theory and thought of something else like evolution. In many states, it was illegal to teach students about things like that. One day, a high school teacher, John Scopes was charged for violating Tennessee's law. Clarence Darrow was the defender for Scopes where as William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor. -
Hoovervilles
Hoovervilles is just one of many names people have given the new homes created during the Great Depression. They can be called Hoover Tents or Hoover Flags. Many are forced to go live in these shacks out in the dirty, dusty ground. People are all cramped like living in tenements. The new homes were named after the president Herbert Hoover. The majority of the country blamed him for the depression because he was the recent president. -
Overproduction
Beginning of the 1920s was good. Herbert Hoover, the new president of in 1928 believed in limited government intervention and business cooperation. Soon though, in 1929, overproduction became an issue becoming the origin of the crash. The overproduction of goods caused falling demand. Eventually, there were factories and farms that were producing more goods than needed. There was also an unequal income distribution. 62% was for corporate profit and 8% for workers. -
Black Tuesday
The stock market crash of 1929 (October 20) might have been the second most devastating stock market crash. It was spread worldwide affecting the economy of other nations as well. Investors sold off stock and thousands run on banks. The three crucial issues were speculation of stocks, use of short-term loans to buy stock, and overinflation of prices. This whole issue panicked sellers when they almost traded 16 million shares on the NY Stock Exchange and the Dow Jones industrial average fell 12%. -
Hoover's Response
The new president of the U.S thought that the stock market crash would only be temporal but he was wrong. The government lends money to big business and an economic debate rises. Hoover decides to raise tariffs and other foreign nations respond to these tariffs. The depression will be worsened. Hoover also believed in Laissez Faire. He called leaders to the White House and begged them to not lay off worker or cut their wages. -
Great Depression in Germany
The Great Depression isn't only in the U.S. It will reach all the way to Germany affecting its economy. Adolf Hitler's radical ideas take hold, and the Nazi party membership soars to millions. Due to the Treaty of Versailles and being blamed for the entire WWI, Germany becomes largely in debt after WWII. They were forced to reparations to France and Great Britain. -
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The Great Depression
After the great times spent in the 1920's, it will come to an end in 1929. It begins with the stock market crash and the Treaty of Versailles. This depression is worldwide affecting Germany as well. This is one of the longest and severe depression experienced in the world. -
Migration
During the Great Depression, there was also a horrifying event called the Dust Bowl (a prolonged drought and dust storm) in Oklahoma. Those living in this area migrated to California to escape the natural disaster. This economic depression and bad weather will put farmers out of business. It caused serious damages to the land, property, and health of people living the Great Plains region. -
The Dust Bowl
The 1930's is a very devastating time period. There's a stock market crash, worldwide economic decline, and on top of that, a big sandy storm arrives. For eight years dust blew on the southern plains. The people suffer throughout this time. Farmers are no longer able to crop and therefore their goods and only way to make income can no longer keep their families safe. Though it may seem as if it was the worst depression, there's is actually a worst one before this time. -
Election of 1932
The candidates for this election are Herbert Hoover for the Republican side, and Franklin D. Roosevelt on the Democrat side. He is the fifth cousin of past president, Theodore Roosevelt. Franklin Roosevelt runs a conservative campaign and wins overwhelmingly. People like him because he is very charismatic and likeable. He will be elected four times. And just like his cousin Teddy, he will have a deal called the New Deal to fight the depression. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt is said to be the ears, eyes, and legs of her husband Franklin Roosevelt. She was his right hand as well as his cousin. She was an awesome person who cared about all human beings including African Americans. She felt pain knowing of the major mistreatment they were receiving in the South. She will become the first outspoken First Lady having a cause. After her, all other First Ladies will have a cause. -
20th Amendment
The 20th Amendment (a.k.a Lame Duck Amendment) was proposed in March 1932, ratified in 1933. It sets the dates when federal government elected offices end and moved the date for new session of Congress to begin from March to January. It also provides circumstances in case the president dies. This was through the inauguration of Roosevelt and vice president John Nance Garner. -
21st Amendment
In 1920, the 18th amendment was passed, banning the production and selling of alcohol. The 21st Amendment will repeal the 18th Amendment giving states the authority to regulate liquor industry. After the repeal of the 18th Amendment, some states continued prohibition by maintaining statewide temperance laws. -
Huey Long
Huey Long is known as "The King Fish." He became senator, had political ambitions, a socialist, & supported the New Deal initially. He wants FDR's job. He is also known for Share Our Wealth-a redistribution of wealth. No one makes over $1 million; guaranteed income, old age pensions, and veterans benefits. He believed in educational support as well, & shorter working days. He wanted to "make every man a king." All of this is making him look good but a threat to FDR. Soon Huey is assassinated. -
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact is Hitler's and Stalin's agreement. Hitler did not want a two front war. He wanted to take out the West first. Later in September 1939, Hitler invades Poland-Soviet Union's largest German military operation of WWII. This German attack might bring them into conflict with the Soviet Union since Hitler promised not to invade any more countries. -
Capture of France
German tanks broke through the main fronts, along the Somme River and the fortified Maginot Line. The British encouraged France to resist at all costs. Churchill, the new British prime minister flew to Paris to offer his personal encouragement. Meanwhile, the British government rejected the French request for military assistance, wanting to conserve strength for Britain's own defense in the near future. -
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World War II
The main reason for the beginning of World War II was because Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, attacked Poland after its agreement not to with Soviet Union leader. France and Britain declares war on Germany. U.S once again wants to ignore this but is forced to fight after the Pearl Harbor attack. Those involved were Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan. And the Allied Powers: U.S, Great Britain, France, and Soviet Union. -
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchil was the British prime minister throughout most of the World War II. He is considered to be one of the most influential person in British history. He was famous for the speeches he gave and the refusal to give in, even when things were going badly. Churchill helped lead a successful allied strategy with the U.S and Soviet Union to defeat the axis powers. He would be elected as prime minster again in 1951. -
Pearl Harbor
The Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack by the Japanese forces. It is said that hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base. They managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vases. Eight battleships were attacked, and planes & supplies were destroyed. The Japanese undertake American and British territories in Southeast Asia. -
Battle of Moscow
The Battle of Moscow- code-named 'Operation Typhoon' by the Germans- started on October 2nd 1941, seen as vital to the success of 'Operation Barbarossa'. However, the Germans had also suffered in their attacks on Russia. By early October, they had advanced to within 200 miles of Moscow. It ended with a Soviet counterattack which pushed the Germans back from the city. -
Executive Order 9066
President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued the Executive Order 9066- stated that "designated personnel" (Japanese) could be removed from designated "military areas" (West Coast). The executive order initiated a controversial World War II policy with lasting consequences for Japanese Americans. The West Coast was divided into military zones, and the order authorized exclusion. -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower was the Supreme Commander during World War II. He possessed great leadership and management skills. He was big on Civil Rights and Foreign Policies. Eisenhower used technology at his advantage. He was the first president to hold a televised news conference. Eisenhower also led the massive invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe that began in on D-Day. He won persuading victory over Democrat Adlai Stevenson and served two months in the white house. -
The United Nations
The United Nations replaces the "failed" League of Nations. It was an international organization, adopted and signed on June 26, 1945 to maintain international peace with all nations. U.S, Soviets, France, Great Britain, and China permanent Security Council members- headquartered in NYC. It can take action on a wide range of issues, and provide a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views.
