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Exodusters
The first migration of African Americans following the civil war was the Exodus Movement. Freed blacks were being oppressed by the Jim Crow laws, so a wave of black migrants moved west towards Kansas. Exodusters compared themselves to Moses and the Israelite's who escaped from Egypt. They were able to acquire land out west due to the Homestead Act . The exodus, to some white people was unfortunate because they still wanted the cheap labor freed blacks were able to provide for them. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a response towards economic fear due to the fact that people who were born in the United States were not getting jobs due to the employment of Chinese immigrants. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first major law that restricted immigration that made its way into the U.S. The act paused Chinese immigration for 10 years and prohibited them from becoming U.S citizens. The act was another way of keeping "white racial purity" in the United States. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
William F. Cody, or otherwise known as "Buffalo Bill", premiered his show in Omaha, Nebraska. His work was "credible" due to the fact that he was a westerner, so many people who saw the show believed that interpretation of the west. The show included Native American people and were treated and payed like other performers. Natives were dressed in stereotypical outfits. During that time Native Americans did not have access to earn a living in reservations so they participated in the show. -
Time Zones
The United States currently has 6 time zones. Prior to adding Alaska and Hawaii, there were 4. Since in the late 18th hundred, every city in the United States used a different time standard, American train stations would apply their own time and would become confusing for the passenger who were traveling. U.S train operators needed a way to form uniform train schedules for departures and arrivals. The official time zone was introduced to the U.S in November 18th, 1883. -
Longhorns
The Longhorn is a hybrid from the Spanish and English cattle. The Texas Longhorn has characteristic horns that can reach 5.9 feet. After the Buffalo were almost exterminated, the Longhorn was able to live in the Great Plains. It's meat was sold very cheap in the south, but it was almost worth $40 dollars in the north. Cowboys would go on cattle drives and lead the Longhorns up north to be shipped on trains. After the invention of barbed wire, the Longhorn's popularity decreased. -
Wounded Knee
The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred in India Reservation in South Dakota named Standing Rock Reservation. The Ghost Dance was ritual that many Natives believed would rid them of the white people who were taking away their lands. On December 15, 1890, troop tried to arrest Sitting Bull, the Sioux Chief, because they believed he was a Ghost Dancer and ended up killing him. 150 Natives were killed and half of them were woman and children while troops lost 25 men. -
Cocaine Toothache Drops
In late 19th century cocaine was used for anesthetic purposes. Cocaine was used mainly by dentist claiming that teeth and nerves could be removed with no pain. Charles E. Lloyd created toothache drops after hearing about their effect on the body, so Lloyd Manufacturing Co. began distributing the cocaine drops. He and S. Dexter Pillsbury patented the product and can still be seen in the U.S patent list. Cocaine was later replaced by Novocaine. -
Model T
The Model T was built by the Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford made sure to make the car as affordable and efficient as possible. The car was created in 1908 and was discontinued in 1927. During the time it was being produced, Ford had developed an assembly line process that made the cost of the car cheaper. There were different types of designs or body styles for the model T, and they each had a different purpose. The first Model Ts were hand cranked, but after the 1920's they had batteries. -
Woodrow Wilson
In 1910, Woodrow Wilson began his political career as governor of New Jersey and got attention as a progressive reformer. In the election of 1912, Wilson was nominated as the Democratic representative and was up against two Republicans. One of those Republicans being Theodore Roosevelt who created his own party, the Progressive or Bull Moose Party. Since Republicans were split most of the votes came in favor of Woodrow Wilson. At the age of 56 he was the 28th President of the United States. -
Battle of San Juan Hills / San Juan Heights
Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders defeated the outnumbered Spanish forces in San Juan Hill, Cuba. This battle ended the Spanish-American War with Spain's surrender. The Rough Riders included college men, African Americans, western cowboys and Native Americans. They were special not only because they were diverse but they were volunteers. The battle created Roosevelt's political career and eventually would give the U.S ownership of Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines and Guam in a later battle. -
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the governor of New York while he was elected as the 32nd President of the United States. He was elected during the time of the Great Depression and quickly set on to restore the economy using the New Deal. He closed all banks for several days until there was a reformation. He even did weekly radio addresses to keep the citizens updated. "The first Hundred Days" were created, because he made a lot of change during the Depression in his first days of presidency. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
During the time Eleanor Roosevelt was the First Lady of the United States, she traveled around the U.S acting as her husband's eyes and ears. She would report back to him what she heard while she was at government institutions and programs. She championed Civil Rights for African Americans, advocated towards Women's Rights, workers rights and the poor people. She supported government funded programs for those who were artist and writers. She even created a press conference for women reporters. -
Civilian Conservation Corps
The Civilian Conservation Corps was intended to be a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environment projects while the Great Depression was occurring. It was for many the most successful of the New Deal plans and helped combat against the Depression. CCC planted over three billion trees and constructed trails and shelters in over 800 parks in the nation. It existed for nine years and helped shape the modern national and state park systems of our day. -
Charles A. Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh was a airmail pilot in the year 1927 when he designed his plane named the Spirit of St. Louis. With that plane he flew it from Long Island, New York to Paris, France for 33.5 hours. He instantly became famous around the world and upon his arrival back to the U.S he was treated as a hero. He became rich and famous and his son was taken for ransom. After refusing to pay money to get his son back, his infant son was killed and Lindbergh moved to Europe until he came back in WWII. -
Klondike Gold Rush
Gold was found in Rabbit Creek in the Klondike Mountains area. The creek was renamed Bonanza Creek and gold was literally found anywhere and people quickly made claims over the gold. The Klondike region was pretty remote, so word of the discovery of gold was slow until a ship carrying vast amounts of gold sailed in Seattle, the gold business was booming. The trip to getting on the Klondike Mountains was hard and deadly one, many died on their journey. -
Child Labor
During the beginning of the 20th century, 18 percent of labor in the United States was provided by children under the age of 16. It wasn't uncommon during the 19th century and earlier for children to have jobs in farming, but in the 20th century, children started working in factories. The reason why child labor was almost more preferable than adult labor was because it was cheaper and children were easier to manage than adults. Reforms fought against child labor in order to send kids to school. -
Knights of Labor
Knights of Labor were an a secret association of tailors in Philadelphia. Under the leadership of the Grand Master Workman Terence V. Powderly the Knights of Labor expanded after the Railroad Strike of 1877. By 1886 there were around 700,000 members whose values and goals were to reach an eight-hour day, the abolition of child labor that was currently occurring, and the equal pay for equal work. The Knights included workers of both sexes and didn't officially accept blacks until 1883. -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt began his work in the steamship business but by the 1860's he shifted towards the railroad business. He was able to gain control of many railroad lines that operated in New York and Chicago. From then on the railroad business changed because prior there were only short lines in the country. He created a consistent system that encompassed several states and made it cheaper, increased efficiency and boosted travel and shipment times. -
Motion Picture Camera
Thomas Edison worked on the idea that was first developed by. Eadward Muybridge. In 1889 Edison and his team built a Strip Kinetograph. The Strip Kinetograph is an early form of the video camera. It worked by taking multiple pictures and wrapped in a circle and were played quickly in order for it to seem that the pictures were moving. In order to watch the pictures they built a machine to be able to see the fast pictures called the Kinetoscope. More inventors took part in making motion pictures. -
Tenements
In the late 19th century, tenements went from single family dwellings to multiple apartments in one. This caused an overcrowding of people who lived in tenements. Many of those who called tenements their home, were immigrants who migrated from Eastern and Western Europe. By 1900, around 2.3 million people in New York were housed in tenements. As affluent people moved out of the city, immigrants started flowing in and taking up the area that was left by them. Some tenements had 7 or 5 stories. -
Boss Tweed
Boss Tweed became popular in the 1850's as a Democratic Political Machine in New York. In 1860 he formed the "Tweed Ring" which was known to openly buy votes, encourage corruption in the city and steal millions from city contracts. His reign failed once the City Courthouse was remodeled, and embezzlement was revealed by the New York Times. Tweed served time but escaped in 1875 and was caught in Spain but was later returned to the United States and jailed until he died a year later in 1878. -
William McKinley
William McKinley was an Ohio Governor and also served in the U.S Congress before running for presidency. McKinley was a republican who was running for American prosperity. McKinley beat his democratic running mate in a landslide and became the 25th president. He lead the United States in war against Spain and acquired Puerto Rico, The Philippines and Guam. He was re-elected in 1900 but assassinated in Buffalo, New York 1901. His Vice President, Theodore Roosevelt later took on the presidency. -
Assassination of President Garfield
President Garfield was shot 4 months after his inauguration on March 4, 1881. He was shot by Charles Guiteau in Baltimore and Potomac Train Station on his way to deliver a speech at William College where he attended in his college years. He was joined by his two teenage boys and his Secretary of State. Guiteau believed the president's death would unite the Republican Party. Guiteau tried to escape after he shot the president but was blocked. President Garfield died 80 days after due to infection -
City Beautiful Movement
The reason why the City Beautiful Movement arose in the United States is because of introduction of the Columbian Exchange in 1893. Which meant that people wanted to have civic pride and engagement in their cities. The movement focused on adding parks and boulevards for the general public who had time to spend for themselves. Artist mimicked the European architecture like the ones seen in Washington D.C. Cities were no longer just seen for economical reason but were now aesthetic. -
American Railway Union
Eugene V. Debs became the American Railway Union president in 1893 and had officially created a union of railroad workers in the United States. It became one of the first unions and gained popularity because of the Knights of Labor who kept promoting unions.The union was later involved in the Pullman Strike where Debs lead a successful strikes towards Great Northern Railway, but was sentenced to six months in jail. This union was the beginning of other unions. -
Silver Act
The late nineteenth century there was a falling of prices and many democrats believed that the coinage of silver would fight the deflation in order to help farmers in the south and west. The price of silver was starting to decline because the U.S was becoming the second most silver buyer in the world. The result of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act lead to the Panic of 1893. The Silver Act was repealed by President Cleveland, but his action separated the democratic party. -
Slums
Due to urbanization in the cities, conditions in living areas became were horrible. In the slums, the streets were covered in trash, there was no clean drinking water and there were no working sewage systems in the area. Inside the slums were tenements were people lived in overcrowded housings. Slums had a big issue of getting fresh air due to the conditions that caused it difficult to have proper ventilation into their tenements. Slums were known to be unsanitary and home for the immigrants. -
Meat Inspection Act of 1906
Due to conditions of the meat packaging industry, the push for health safety of the consumer was beginning to make an impact. Upton Sinclair wrote the book "The Jungle" and depicts the harsh reality of the meat industry. As people read the book, many started realizing that there needed to be a change. In June of 1906 there was political and public supporters of legislation controlling meat products led to the Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act. -
Ludlow Massacre
10,000 minors who worked at United Mine Workers of America were striking since September of 1913. The workers were strike for bad working conditions and not enough pay. The National Guard opened fire on the strike camps on April 19, 1914 with machine guns. Louis Stika was one of the leaders of the strike and was allegedly lured in to discuss a truce but instead was killed. Women and children who where hidden in cellars under their tents eventually died because they were set to fire. -
19th Amendment
The 19th amendment granted women the right to vote in elections and was ratified in August 18, 1920. Although the battle for women's rights was being fought since 1848, women and even some men pushed to have women's votes in the ballet. Suffrage groups were established in order to bring more support to the movement. Wyoming was the first state to give women voting rights and was later known as the equality state. President Woodrow didn't support the suffrage at first but he late switched sides. -
Treaty of Paris of 1898
The Treaty of Paris 1898 ended the Spanish- American War officially. The Spanish Empire was no longer there, because of the Treaty of Paris the United States took over the overseas land. The Philippines were bought for $20 million dollars while Cuba became a U.S protectorate. The Treaty ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S and forced Spain to give one of the Mariana Islands to U.S. President McKinley decided that the U.S must have possession of the Philippines. In result Spain paid all of Cuba's debt. -
Hoovervilles
Hoovervilles were shantytowns inhabited by unemployed people during the Great Depression who were evicted from their homes. Hoovervilles were named after President Hoover who did nothing to help people out of the Depression and was blamed for the economic and social issues. They were mainly placed in the outskirts of major cities throughout the whole country. Hoovervilles were eventually torn down in the early 1940's after the economy was stabilized with Franklin Roosevelt's administration. -
Angel Island
Angel Island Immigration Station as the main immigration facility of immigration on the West Coast of the U.S. It is located in San Francisco Bay near the Golden Gate Bridge. Chinese and Japanese migrants were detained under oppressive conditions and were mostly left in the facility for two to 6 months before being allowed to enter the United States. Discriminatory policies were used to prevent Asians into migrating into the U.S. The policies were based off of the Chines Exclusion Act of 1882. -
U.S.S Maine
The U.S.S Maine weighed around 6,000 tons and cost over 2 million dollars to build. The Maine was sent to Cuba to protect interests of Americans after a rebellion against Spanish rule in Havana in January. In March a U.S Naval submarine confirmed that the ship blown up by a mine, but it was never said that Spain were the ones who did it. The American public and congress expressed the belief that the Spanish were the ones that blew up the main. With the help of yellow journalism, a war had began. -
Rough Riders
The Rough Riders were the most famous unit that fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. They were the first volunteer cavalry and were under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. It was originally intended for people of Indian Territory, but when Roosevelt came, it was a mixed group. The Rough Riders was very popular and had around 1,250 men who came from all sorts of backgrounds like college me, African Americans, singers and Natives. They were the only volunteer group allowed to fight. -
Russo-Japanese War
Because of a dispute between Russia and Japan over a dispute of the region called Manchuria and Korea, Japan led a surprise attack on a Russian naval base in China. During the war Japan kept defeating Russia, and after three major defeats, U.S President of the time, Theodore Roosevelt mediated a peace treaty between Russia and Japan. Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for achieving peace. After the war Japan became a western power, but Russia moved one their Russian Revolution. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the next heir to the thrown of Austria-Hungary, but was assassinated by a Serb nationalist in Sarajevo named Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand. His assassination was the spark of WW2 and soon major European powers were involved due to aliances. Ferdinand was a prideful and mistrusting man who wasn't very cultured and had a short temper. His popularity wasn't big because of the policies he was intending to apply once he assumed the throne. -
British Blockade of Germany
During WWI, Britain decided to blockade Germany and Astro-Hungary into resignation. Britain hoped to cut off supplies from the outside world. The Royal Navy used a policy of "distant blockade" excluding the English Chanel and the North Sea. French and Italian navy soon followed by blockading the Adriatic Sea. The blockade cause difficulty for neutral countries to send their shipments. The British were blamed for the hunger occurring and the blockade was soon called the "Hunger Blockade". -
National Socialist - German Worker's Party
The National Socialist German Worker's Party, also known as the NAZI Party, led by Adolf Hitler, soon became a mass movement and was now ruling Germany. The party promoted German pride and anti-semitism and were generally satisfied with dissatisfied with the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty required Germany to make a large amount of compensation for WWI. After Germany was defeated in 1945 the NAZI party was outlawed and many high standing officials were convicted of war crime. -
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics after Vladimir Lenin passed away. He gained control of the country rather quickly and started implementing his values. He turned the society of the USSR from peasant to a more industrial and militarized society, eventually becoming a super power. He removed anyone who he suspected of disloyal. Stalin joined himself with the United States and Britain during WWII but was later involved in the Cold War with the U.S. -
D-Day
Operation Overload, or most commonly known as D-day was the largest amphibious attack to have ever been done in history. Three countries made up of the United States, Britain and Canada landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch on the coast of France, which was currently controlled by the Nazis. The Allies misled the Nazis prior to D-day and were able to succeed in beating them. After D-Day, the Allies gained control of France from the Nazis and the beginning of the end of WWII was near. -
F. Scott Fitzgerald
F. Scott Fitzgerald was studying at Princeton University before dropping out and joining the army. It wasn't until then that Fitzgerald gained success releasing his first novel "This Side of Paradise" and a few later made another American classic, "The Great Gatsby". He was born in Minnesota and came from a well-off family. In the 20s he moved to Paris with his, and with his experience he wrote "The Great Gatsby", it was an instant success. His fame had taken a toll by 1934 due to alcoholism. -
Ku Klux Klan
By 1920, the Ku Klux Klan had exceeded 4 million members nationwide. The KKK took a stance against Roman Catholics, Jews, foreigners and organized labor. The KKK was fueled by the growing fear in the United States of immigration and communist revolution that was occurring in Russia a few year prior. The burning cross was used as the symbol of the KKK, and was waved during rallies, parades, marches throughout the whole country. During the Great Depression the KKK's activities were decreased. -
Louis Armstrong
In the summer of 1922, Louis Armstrong received a call from King Oliver, a jazz cornet player, asking him to join his jazz creole band. Armstrong soon became very popular in New York because he and Oliver were a good pair of Cornet players. After marrying in 1924, his wife and pianist Lillian Hardin persuaded him to join the best African American jazz band. He introduced swing music to the Fletcher Henderson's Orchestra, and many were now inspired by his work. He quickly became a jazz icon. -
B-29
The Boeing B-29 "Super fortress" has always been linked with to the atomic bombs that were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki which helped end World War II. The B-29 was a high-altitude, heavy bombing platform with technologies incorporated throughout the design. Even though it was such a big deal, it only served in the Pacific against Japan during the war and was never called to action over Europe. B-29 was later used in the Korean war 5 years after the end of WWII. -
Dunkirk
As the German Army advances through Norther France, British and French troops were cutoff, so a large evacuation of soldier from Dunkirk to England was planned. The Allied soldiers were being surrounded by the Germans and were trapped by the sea. Operation Dynamo was placed to start the evacuation, but there weren't enough British vessels so they called on the British citizens to volunteer their boats. Although the mission to evacuate worked, Germans still reached and were able to make damages. -
Navajo Code Talkers
During WWII, German and Japanese spies came to the U.S to learn the language so they could translate communication between the American troops. The U.S army was having trouble sending messages because the Germans and Japanese would intercept the messages. U.S brought Navajo tribe members to write out a code since the language was not written and could not be easily deciphered. The Navajo Indians wrote around 200 words that were used effectively during the war. It keept the enemies confused. -
Helen Hunt
Helen Hunt was a poet who became a Native American Activist who wanted the improvement of treatment towards them in the United States. She raised money and started writing petitions for the Native cause.She was known for exposing the unfairness in treaties that were supposedly set to help the Natives. Newspapers publish a lot of her works speaking about the lies Native Americans underwent during that time.. -
Promontory Point, Utah
In 1869, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific combined their railroads at Promontory Point, Utah. From then on, travelers would no longer have to take the risk of traveling via wagon in order to get to the west or vice versa. The Central Pacific workers included Chinese immigrants who had to set railroad tracks over the Sierra Nevada Mountains, while the Union Pacific workers underwent Indian raids and hot temperatures. While both companies underwent struggles, they completed it in 1869. -
Killing of the Buffalo
The Buffalo was a main source for survival to the Native Americans who lived in the Great Plains.As more people were deciding to move west, conflict between Natives and white people arose. Killing the Buffalo was a type of war tactic against the Plains Indians because white settlers or white people in general knew that the Indians used almost all of the parts on a Buffalo. When Buffalo hunters killed the Buffalo, they took more than necessary and the Buffalo was close to extinction. -
John Deere
John Deere invented the Iron plow in 1837, which helped ease up tough soil. The plow was developed and built t in 1837 but Deere didn't start selling them until 1838. When he first sold the iron plow it was a huge success. By 1868, his company was incorporated in, but before 1855 he was selling around 10,000 per year. John Deere became a millionaire in as little as 50 years. The Company is incorporated as Deere & Company and initially had 4 shareholders. -
Vertical Integration
Vertical integration was first used by Andrew Carnegie who was one of the first to invest in the Bessemer process of steel making. An example of vertical integration is when Carnegie built his steel company while keeping in mind that railroad companies also needed steel. He bought railroads and steel mines in order to reduce the cost of making steel and was able to produce more. Vertical integration is when you combine the manufacturing to the marketing. -
John Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company in 1870, but began his oil career in 1863 in Cleveland, Ohio. Almost 10 years later Standard Oil Company controlled approximately 90% of oil pipelines and refineries in the United States. Rockefeller was the president and largest share holder of the Standard Oil Company. His company was able to gain a monopoly by buying all of the competition and creating companies to distribute and market their products. -
Sears & Roebuck
In 1886 the R.W. Sears Watch Company was founded by Richard W. Sears in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He relocated in Chicago and hired Alvah C. Roebuck who was a watch repairer and also set up a mail-order business that was established for watches and jewelry. In 1889 Sears sold his business but later created another mail-order and was later named Sears, Roebuck and Company. Julius Rosenwald bought Roebuck's interest and reconstructed the mail-order while Sears wrote the famous catalogs. -
Haymarket Riot
The Haymarket Riot occurred in Haymarket Square in Chicago after a radical labor was killed by Chicago Police while they were protesting. Seven policemen died while they were separating the crowd and only one civilian was killed. As a result of the riot, a big wave of xenophobia was generated in the U.S public. Fear of foreigners caused trials that were deemed biased by some part of the nation. Seven suspects were sentenced to the death sentence while eight were sentenced to 15 years in prison. -
The Hull House
The Hull House was a settlement house founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in Chicago, Illinois. There was a high population of immigrants in the area, so the Hull House served as a place where immigrants could go to learn and practice new skills. Immigrant children were taught during the early years of the Hull House and it became a success. Addams and Starr then added the nursery. The Hull House provided free lectures from students and social reformers in the area. -
Teddy Bear
When Theodore Roosevelt was asked to shoot a helpless bear that was tied up to a tree, he turned down the offer because he did not believe that is the right way to hunt. When the story got out through the newspaper, Morris Mitchom got the idea of creating a stuffed animal because of a cartoon drawn by Clifford Berryman. Mitchom received the permission of Roosevelt to use his name for the product. In result the Ideal Toy Company was created and the Teddy Bear became an instant hit. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford began as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company, and had built his first horseless carriage powered by gasoline. In 1903 her set up the Ford Motor Company. Five years following the establishment of his company, the Model T came out. Ford created mass production techniques in order to meet increasing demand. In 1913, he had created the worlds first assembly and increased the production of his products. Ford strived for cheap prices to make it affordable for those whoe need it. -
Muller v. Oregon
In 1903, the state of Oregon passed a law stating that women were not allowed to work more than 10 hours in factories and laundries. Meanwhile the women who worked in Muller's laundry were obligated to work for more than that. He was heard in the Supreme Court for violating the law and the case was a precedent for the Court to accept state reforms. Because of Brandeis' legal argument, court cases like Brown v. Board were able to succeed in court by showing economic and social conditions. -
Amendment 17
The 17th amendment promises that each state has two senators representing them and are elected by the people. Senators are in office for 6 years and get one vote. Prior to being elected by the people, senators were placed by state legislators. Amendment 17 was issued to make the country seem a little more democratic. There was a lot of corruptness due to state legislatures being run by political machines, there the United States needed a way to clean up the government. -
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington was a civil rights activist who sometimes would clash with the ideas of W.E.B Du Bois. Washington did not believe in segregation, he wanted blacks and whites to be equal. He thought that African Americans should own their own businesses instead of just being blue collar workers. He founded Tuskegee Institute for black people who want to get an education. Washington wanted whites to acknowledge his leadership and even wrote a biography of him after being freed from slavery. -
Cuba's Independence
While Cuba was struggling to fight for their independence, the United States was watching tentatively. They were not involved until the U.S.S Maine was exploded in the Havana Harbor. United States joined the war in order to protect its people and businesses that were inside Cuba. The first battle of the Spanish-American war was actually fought in the Philippines were the Americans were victorious. The U.S got the control of Cuba and other Spanish colonies. They later gave independence to Cuba. -
Queen Liliuokalani
Queen Liliuokalani was the last monarch of the Kamehameha Dynasty in Hawaii. She was opposed of the Bayonet Constitution that her brother the previous king of Hawaii was forced to sign by white business men. She aimed to fight it to regain the power that the monarchy used to have before that treaty. Plans were ruined when in 1893 a group of American business men planned to dispose of the queen. She surrendered and Hawaii was annexed into the U.S with Sanford Dole as the leader/ -
Philippine-American War
Two days before the Treaty of Paris was ratified by U.S Senate, fighting began between the Filipino and U.s forces. The Filipinos were led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who was known to want independence for the Philippines. The war lasted for 3 years and there was a total of over 24,000 dead. Over 4,200 Americans and 20,000 Filipinos died while in combat. The Filipinos used guerrilla warfare until Aguinaldo was captured in 1901. The Philippines would eventually be granted their independence in 1946. -
October 29, 1929
October 29, 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, hit Wall Street when 16,500,000 investors traded their shares in New York. Many investors were wiped out due to the billions of dollars lost. Stock tickers ran behind quickly because of the huge amount of trades occurring. On that day the market went into a free fall and many tried to raise prices, but they kept coming back down several weeks after the fall. The Great Depression came in result and lasted up until the 1940's. -
Bonus March
During the Great Depression, a group of 1,000 soldiers arrived who fought in World War I marched to Washington D.C to demand their payment for having had fought in the war. More veterans came and there ended being 20,000 marchers in D.C. They waited peacefully outside the capital, but on July 28, President Hoover ordered General McArthur to remove the veterans. McArthur set the camp on fire and they left. Hoover received backlash from the public was hated more as a result to his action. -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was the result of a drought happening in the Southern Plains region in the United States. This area underwent severe droughts dust storms while it was in a dry period. Areas from Texas to Nebraska were suffering through the Dust Bowl. Many people and livestock died trough inhaling the dust. Since the Dust Bowl occurred during the Great Depression, many had no choice but to leave their homes in the fields and look for better living and working conditions for their families. -
21st Amendment
The 21st Amendment was made to repeal the 18th Amendment and brought to an end the prohibition of alcohol that was written as the 18th Amendment. Prohibition was considered a failure as there was a rise to organized crime occurring in big cities like Chicago. During the time of the Great Depression many thought drinking was the less of their problems as many people were having economic issues. It was ratified in January 29,1919, but it did not take effect until January 29 of 1920. -
Social Security Act
The Social Security Act was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and guaranteed an income for those who were unemployed or retired. The Social Security Act was part of Roosevelt's "New Deal" programs. The function of Social Security was created to fight back unemployment, but nowadays it is used as as a safe way for retired and disabled people to receive benefits, such as death benefits to taxpayer dependents. The Social Security Act was said to be a "patriotic" act to F.D.R. -
Bank Runs
During a bank run, depositors lost trust in the security their banks had offer for their money. This lack confidence caused many to withdraw their money from the banks. They way banks were working, a bank run a bank has to quickly liquidate loans and sell its assets, which meant very low prices causing no type of profit. Bank runs threaten the bank's solvency because they can't come up with enough cash. Most bank runs were created by rumors and the unwillingness or inability to pay funds. -
Panama Canal
Throughout the 1800's both American and British leaders and business men were looking for a way to ship goods in a cheaper and faster way between The Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The French were the first to attempt the building the canal in Panama. Panama at the time was a province of Columbia and French builder of the Suez Canal in Egypt was planing on building through Panama but stopped when a lot of his men died due to diseases. Theodore Roosevelt later got permission from Panama to build. -
Coxey's Army
Coxey's Army marched to Washington D.C during the time of the Depression of 1893 with 100 but arriving with 500. This army was filled of unemployed who were seeking to persuade Congress to authorize a great amount of programs of public works. Coxey's army didn't achieve anything that they were planning on achieving because they had no impact on the public policy. Coxey was later arrested with some of his followers for trespassing on the lawns of the Capitol. -
Teapot Dome Scandal
The Teapot Dome Scandal was the very first scandal that took place inside of the federal government of the United States. What involved in the scandal were poker-playing politicians, illegal liquor sales, a murder-suicide, a womanizing president and a bagful of bribery cash delivered on the sly. Albert Fall was charged on accepting bribery from oil companies. This scandal also brought the very first time that U.S cabinet member would serve jail time due to felony while they were in office. -
18th Amendment
The 18th Amendment was the start of Prohibition of the United States. The 18th Amendment began because of the Temperance movement which said that drinking was the cause of all problems. Prohibition put an end to the manufacturing and consuming of alcohol, but created organized crime and illegal drinking. A rise of violence in the cities rose and there were underground bars and bootleggers who made alcohol for the underground bars. The 18th Amendment was later appealed when the 21st was ratified. -
Al Capone
Al Capone was a famous gangster who was most popular during the time Prohibition was in place. He owned a multi-million dollar illegal business that included bootlegging, prostitution and gambling. Capone also dominated the organized crime scene in Chicago. One of his most famous acts of violence was the Valentine's Massacre that occurred in 1929. He ordered a few of his people to kill 7 of his rivals, although he was never convicted of these acts, he was jailed for income-tax evasion. -
Mexican Revolution 1910
Before the Mexican Revolution in 1910, Mexico was ruled by a dictatorship. After the revolution though, the dictatorship was removed and a constitutional republic was formed. Many groups led by Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata were key aspects to the revolution. Seven years later in 1917, Mexico had finalized their constitution and some ideals that rebel groups fought from were formalized and applied to the constitution. However violence still persisted. -
Murder of the Romanov's
In 1917 Czar Nicholas II and his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks, making the end of the Romanov dynasty that ran for three centuries. The outcome of the Russo-Japanese War brought the Russian Revolution of 1905 and Czar Nicholas grew more hate while the Bolsheviks including other groups as well. Soon Russia was also involved with the WWI, and Russia went into an economic downfall. Food became more scarce, and defeats against Germany, many were convinced that Nicholas wasn't a good leader. -
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and created the Soviet Union. He aimed at destroying monarchy and privatized all of the aspects of the soviet economy. He was very interested in the writing of Karl Marx where he learned many of his communist ways. Lenin was known to use Red Terror to eliminate the opposition within the civilian population. When he was in power, famine and poetry was still affecting the society so many peasant uprisings were created against him. -
RMS Lusitania
Returning from New York to Liverpool with around 1960 passengers and crew in 1915, the Lusitania was sunk by German U-boats. British Admiralty warned the Lusitania to avoid the area and to sail in a zigzag way to dodge any attacks towards the ship. Even though there were warnings, the ship's captain decided to ignore them and carry on his normal route. The ship was struck on May 7, the vessel was attacked by a torpedo on the starboard side. Within the 20 minutes of the attack the ship had sunk. -
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) "Shell Shock"
PTSD, or at the time called "shell shock", became a military problem during WWI. Soldiers who had been exposed to exploding shells on the battlefield underwent anxiety, nightmares, tremor, and impaired sight and hearing. The term "Shell Shock" did not appear until February 1915. After six months of fighting in WWI, Capt. Myers noticed how soldiers behaved. In the British army there were 80,000 cases when the war had ended. Many believed it was due to the exhaustion of being deployed for long. -
Argonne Forest
Over 700 Allied tanks fooled infantry troops and advanced against Germans in the Argonne Forest. Commander Ferdinand Fock ordered a General John J. Pershing to take overall command to attack on the Germans. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force. This attack was the largest American-run offensive of the entire the U.S participated in WWI. By the morning of the following day, the Allies had captured 23,000 German soldiers as prisoners. The Allies pushed but the Germans had a stronghold. -
Mustard Gas
Dichlorethyl Sulfide, also known as Mustard Gas, was used by the Germans against their enemies during WWI. Mustard gas acted upon any exposed moist skin, for example the eyes, lungs, armpits and other places. When in contact with the skin, it would produce burn-like blisters where ever the gas came in contact with the skin. Trench Warfare made the use of Mustard gas more useful because they would help gain movement between the "no man's land". The Germans were the first to use it in war. -
Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Before WWI, the Ottoman Empire had already started to deteriorate due to the fact the previous Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913. The Ottomans during the war, were on the Central Powers (German and Austria-Hungary), but were defeated in 1918. The Ottoman Empire was forced to sign a treaty that divided Ottoman territories between Britain , France, Greece and Russia. The Ottoman Empire no longer existed by the year 1923 when the tittle Ottoman Sultan was removed and Turkey were declared as a republic. -
Auschwitz
Auschwitz was the largest Nazi concentration and death camps. It was located in Poland, and initially served as a detention center for political prisoners. It's purpose was later changed to serve as a network of camps specifically for Jewish people and other so called enemies of the Nazi state were to be exterminated. The people who were kept in Auschwitz were killed in gas chambers or used as slaves for the camp. Medical experiments were also applied on the prisoners. Over 1 million lost lives. -
Germany and Italy Declare War on U.S (1941)
After the Pearl Harbor bombing, United States declared war on Japan and in return Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The Italian dictator at the time, Benito Mussolini was one of the first Axis Powers to declare war. Adolf Hitler, who had first intended to avoid direct contact with the U.S, was now obligated to declare war on the U.S because of the Tripartite Agreement signed between Germany and Italy. Hitler had noticed how much the U.S actually was helping the UK and the Soviet Union. -
Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)
Pearl Harbor is located near Honolulu, Hawaii and was the place Japan surprised the American Navy. Around 8 am on December 7th, 1941, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes dropped bombs on the harbor. The Japanese were able to destroy 20 vessels that belonged to the U.S, while also killing more than 2400 soldiers including civilians. After the bombings, President Roosevelt asked congress to declare war on Japan. Since it was a surprise attack the attack went undefended because no one was prepared. -
John Scopes
John Scopes became a popular name because of the Scopes trial that happened in Tennessee or also known as the Monkey Trial. He taught the Darwin's Theory of Evolution that was illegal in the state of Tennessee. During that time period there was a huge debate in the country whether to teach evolution or stick to the Bible's teachings.Many Christian fundamentalist were against evolution. While substitute teaching he gave students books that taught the Theory of Evolution and was then trialed. -
Sacco and Venzetti
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted of killing and robbing even though the evidence wasn't very strong. There was another person who confessed, but he was ignored, Sacco and Vanzetti requested for a new trial, but were declined. The men were both executed on August 8th, 1927. Sacco and Vanzetti were both immigrants who were living in poverty during the 20'sand identified as anarchist. Both were fed up with the capitalism of the U.S, but there was a hunt on anarchist going on. -
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Established the American Birth Control League in 1921, the prosecutor of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. She was the president of the American Birth Control League up until 1928. She had opened the first legal birth control clinic in the United States in 1923 named the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau. Sanger, got most of her funding from her husband, Noah H. Lee, who was a oil business man. Many were against her planned parenthood efforts, but she kept insisting. -
Executive Order 9066
After ten weeks since the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066. This executive order allowed the removal of people from military areas. The whole entire West Coast was said to be a military area, while having a large population of Americans that were of Japanese ancestry. More than 110,000 Japanese Americans were removed and placed in remote internment camps built by the U.S around the country. Japanese were treated poorly for 2 years. -
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Transforming the West
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Becoming an Industrial Power
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The Gilded Age
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Progressive Era
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1920s
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World War II
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Imperialism
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The Great Depression
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World War I
