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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Ausburg
A result of the Reformation; divided Europe into the Roman Catholic Church and the new Lutheran (Protestant) Church
(http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/german-history/peace-augsburg) -
Period: to
King Christian IV of Denmark
led two unsuccessful wars against Sweden and brought disaster upon his country by leading it into the Thirty Years’ War; supported trade and shipping and left a national heritage of fine buildings; "a plucky, hard-drinking man of grim wit and great resource" (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-IV) -
Period: to
Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII
French rulers who made France a leading power in Europe; In 1624 Cardinal de Richelieu->chief minister; Richelieu convinced the king to enter Italy with his army in 1629; raise tension between France and Habsburgs; In May 1635 France started war with Spain; by his death, Louis was respected as one of the most powerful rulers in Europe because of the victories in the war against the Spaniards and making France a leading European power. (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIII) -
Period: to
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
established the foundations of the Swedish state as a major power in Europe; “Lion of the North” - he was viewed as the Protestant Hero; secured the Swedish state and church; new powerful army; entered the Thirty Years war. In September 1631, at Breitenfeld, the Swedish-Saxon forces defeated Tilly’s army; conquest of Vienna in 1633 successful; Sweden won, however, Gustav was killed in the battle
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf#toc2935) -
Defenestration of Prague
rebellion against the Bohemian aristocracy;led to the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War;
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Defenestration-of-Prague-1618) -
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The Bohemian Period
a revolt,started in Prague by Protestant members of the Bohemian diet; reason:Ferdinand's election alarmed BohemianCalvinists(feared the loss of their religious rights);a.k.a.Defenestration of Prague,troops of the HRE and Bavari led by Baron Tilly invaded Bohemia and won;Ferdinand II regained throne;ended with a Hapsburg and Catholic victory (Battle of White Mountain) (http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-bohemian-period.html) -
Period: to
Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
the Bohemian Diet recognized him as a king of Bohemia, however, later on was deposed by the largely Protestant diet of Bohemia who chose Frederick V as a king; This was, in effect, the begginning of the 30 Years War (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-II-Holy-Roman-emperor) -
Battle of White Mountain
took place near Prague in Bohemia; Denmark and Sweden join the Thirty Years' War; caused the Bohemian Revolt to end; Denmark and Sweden join the Thirty Years' War.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-White-Mountain) -
Period: to
Philip IV of Spain
was king of Spain until his death; patronage of the arts - Diego Velázquez; ruled during the Thirty Years' War; chief minister - the Conde-Duque de Olivares who contributed for some conspicous victories of Spain, but then in 1635 France declared Spain a war; Spains power decreased; after that new chief minister - Don Luis Méndez de Haro; Philip IV failed to achieve a military reform;
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal) -
Period: to
Maximilian I of Bavaria
In 1623 Maximilian becomes an elector; Ferdinand and Maximilian’s armies occupied northern Germany and most of Denmark; in 1630 Maximilian forced Ferdinand to ged rid of his army; On May 17, 1648, at the Battle of Zusmarshausen, the French destroyed Maximilian’s last army. The Peace of Westphalia allowed Maximilian keep his electoral title; he became leader of the German Catholics
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilian-I-duke-of-Bavaria) -
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The Danish Period
started after Bohemia was defeated;protestant countries realize the danger;Christian IV(Protestant king of Denmark) and allies opposed Ferdinands forces at Saxony;General Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein and his army of hired soldiers helped Ferdinand; Wallenstein defeated the Danish king; Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck(1629);withdrew from Saxony; Edict of Restitution - Protestant possessions -> returned to the Catholic Church.
(http://thirtyyearswar.tripod.com/danish.html) -
Treaty of Lübeck
created by the Danish king Christian IV and the imperial general A. Wallenstein in Lübeck; ends the “Danish period” of the Thirty Years’ War; Denmark was forced to withdraw from the conflict
(http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Lubeck+Treaty+of+1629) -
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The Swedish Period
1630 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden enters the 30 Years' war;protects the Protestant states of Germany for the swedish interest;hard alliance with german princes;1631 Magdeburg besieged-G.A. gains more power and respect;Brandenburg and Saxony join and enlarge the swedish forces;G.A. can open a front at Bohemia;late 1631 G.A. won at Breitenfield;Saxons have Prague;1632 at Lutzen Sweden won, but their king dies
(http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/thirty-years-war-the-swedish-period.html) -
Battle of Lutzen
Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden lost his life in it; fought by the Swedes to help their North German allies against the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II.
(http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars16011800/p/lutzen.htm) -
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The French Period
war -religious -> political; Cardinal Richelieu - ruler of France; wants to stop the increasing of Hapsburg power by intruding the Protestant side; French Bourbons vs. Austrian Hapsburgl In 1635, Richelieuand his army entered Germany and joined the Swedish army; The Protestants and their allies had great leaders - Vicomte de Turenne and Louis II (the Prince of Conde); They had many victories which gave new hope to the German Protestants.
(http://thirtyyearswar.tripod.com/french.html) -
Treaty of Prague
Signed in 1635 in Prague; ended the Austro- Prussian War; weakened German princes; Venetia given to Italy; Habsburgs excluded from the government activities in Germany; Kingdom of Prussia - major power in Germany; Edict of Restitution ended; Peace of Augsburg reestablished;
(http://thirtyyearswar30.weebly.com/treaty-of-prague.html) -
The Peace of Westphalia
European settlement, negotiations; ends the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years' War
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Westphalia) -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
Peace treaty between Philip IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France; ended the Franco-Spanish War (1648–1659); marks the beginning of French hegemony in Europe;
