History 208 Chapters 4-8

Stephen I

Nov 28, 1000

-Crowned himself king of Hungary
-Issued a code of law that put Hungary at the political level of other European powers.

Death of Basil II

Nov 28, 1025

-Leader of Bugaria, defeated in 1018, dies.

Al-Andalus splits

Nov 28, 1031

splits into smaller portions called "taifas" owned and rulled locally.

-1054 Papacy of Leo IX

Nov 28, 1049

Leo IX set out to reform the church under papal, not imperial, control. Unlike earlier popes, he often left Rome to preside over church councils and make the pope's influence felt outside of Italy.

Zoe

Nov 28, 1050

Daughter of Constantine VIII. Acknowladged as a ruler through imperial blood.

The Expansion of Europe

Period: Jul 7, 1051 to Nov 28, 1150

Europeans gained muscle in the second half of the eleventh century.

Norman Conquest of England by William of Normandy

Nov 28, 1066

The one-day Battle of Hastings decided William the first Normand king of England. He kept 20% of the land for himself and divided the rest among his elite followers and family members.

Battle of Manzikert

Nov 28, 1071

A huge Byzantine force was met by an equally large Seljuk army at Manzikert. The Byzantines were defeated and Anatoia was open to a flood of militant nomads.

-1085 Papacy of Gregory VII

Nov 28, 1073

The papal reform movement is particularly associated with Gregory (The Gregorian Reform). He set out to advocate papal primacy or that the pope is the head of the church. He believed that kings and emporers had no right to deal with church affairs while Henry III disagreed.

-1122 Investiture Conflict

Nov 28, 1075

Set the beginning of the distinction between church and state. Secular rulers continued to matter in the appointment of of churchmen, but it implied kingship separate from priesthood.

-1118 Reign of Alexius I Comnenus

Nov 28, 1081

Brought most of the major ruling families together through marriage alliances and created a more European-like , familial form of government. Focused on Battle mostly to secure strongholds and cities here and there.

Conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI

Nov 28, 1085

Alfonso Claimed to be more than just the king of Leon-Castile and proves it through the conquest of Toledo. http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/alfonso_vi.htm

Domesday Book

Nov 28, 1086

A survey of land and landholders in England. Dubbed the Doomsday book because, like the records of people judged at doomsday, it provides facts that could not be appealed. It is the most extensive inventory of land, livestock, taxes, and people that had ever been compiled anywhere in medieval Europe.

Al-Andalus under Almoravid Control

Nov 28, 1094

-1099 The First Crusade

Nov 28, 1096

A pious pilgrimage to the Holy Land to be undertaken by an armed militia. Mobilized a force of 50,000 to 60,000 combatants who were divided into separate militias.

Establishment of a Commune is Milan

Nov 28, 1097

Popular discontent with the archbishop led to numerous armed clashes that led to the transfer of power to from the archbishop to the leading men of the city.

-1291 Crusader States in the Holy Land

Nov 28, 1099

Leaders of the crusade set up four tiny states, European colonies in the Levant. Tripoli and Edessa were counties, Antioch a principality, and Jerusalem a kingdom.

Concordat of Worms

Nov 28, 1122

Ended the Investiture Conflict with a compromise. Relied on a conceptual distinction between two parts of investiture, the spiritual and the secular.

Publication of Gratian's Decretum

Nov 28, 1140

Enhanced papal primacy.

Death of Peter Abelard

Nov 28, 1142

He stated that "nothing can be believed unless it is first understood". He drew together conflicting authoratative texts on 156 key subjects in his Sic et non and wrote Sententia, on of the most successful theology text books of the middle ages.

-1149 Second Crusade

Nov 28, 1147

Called in the wake of Sengi's victory, but ended in disaster. After four days of besieging the walls of Damascus, the crusaders could not keep the peace between themselve so they gave up and left.

Institutionalizing Aspirations

Period: Jul 7, 1151 to Nov 28, 1250

The lively developments of early twelfth-century europe were institutionalized in the next decades.

-1190 Frederick Barbarossa

Nov 28, 1152

He was hailed as the reconciler of enemies. He exhumed Charlemagne's body and enclosed the dead emporer's arm in a requilary casket and put the wheels of canonization into motion. He linked the fate of his dynasty to a well organized and wealthy dynasty by marrying his son to Constance, the heiress of the kingdom of Sicily.

Death of St. Bernard

Nov 28, 1153

He came to Citeaux in 1112 and became the Abbot of Claivaux, one of the small congressional houses that sprouted up in Burgundy. http://www.aquinasandmore.com/fuseaction/store.patronsaintpage/saint/8

-1189 King Henry II of England

Nov 28, 1154

The Institutions of royal government in England were extended and strengthened under his rule. He destroyed or confiscated all of the private castled built during the civil war and reclaimed land that belonged to the crown. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England

Mongols formed

Nov 28, 1162

Mongol civilization is formed under the rule of Chingiz (Ghengis) Khan http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTkFed7IJrPm4EbIYZvo-QAbwxt-FXjaFZxp4NcQBxDQdeC7-pKgg

Murder of Thomas Becket

Nov 28, 1170

King Henry's archbishop. He was murdered by Henry's men. It led to both church and royal courts to expand and strengthen to address the concerns of an increasingly litigious society.

Henry Conquers Ireland

Nov 28, 1171

-1193 Saladin's Rule

Nov 28, 1171

Succeded Shirkuh as general and then took over Egypt after Fatimid's death. By 1183 he was master of Egypt, Syria, and part of Iraq. He was determined to reform the faith along the sunni model and to wage jihad against Christian states.

Battle of Legnano

Nov 28, 1176

Frederick I was defeated at Legnano. He agreed to the Peace of Venice and withdrew his troops.

Jews Expelled from the Ile-de-France

Nov 28, 1182

Expelled by Philip Augustus, he confiscated their houses, fields, and vineyards for himself. They were allowed to return in 1198 but they did not regain their property.

Battle of Hattin

Nov 28, 1187

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was taken by Saladin's forces.

-1230 Rule of King Alfonso IX

Nov 28, 1188

Ruler of Spanish kingdom Leon-Castile
summoned townsmen to the cortes in 1188

-1192 Third Crusade

Nov 28, 1189

The Third Crusade was in response to Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem. Richard captured Cyprus and arranged a three year truce with Saladin and reclaimed territory from his brother John and French King Philip II. Richard was captured by the Duke of Austria and was released on a huge ransom.

-1250 Frederick II

Nov 28, 1192

-failed in trying to unite Sicily Italy and Germany.
-the popes declared a crusade on him an named him a heretic in the 1240's

-1216 Pope innocent III

Nov 28, 1198

-The first pope to be trained in theology and law
-Thought of himself as ruler in place of Christ, other leaders existed merely to help him. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Innocent_III_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg a coin made in honor of pope innocent III by the US house of
Representatives.

Fall of Constantinople

Nov 28, 1204

Constantinople was taken by the Crusaders sent by pope Innocent III in an effort to spread the reign of Christianity.

Phillip II takes northern French posessions

Nov 28, 1204

Phillip takes King John's territories in France after Richard dies in reaction to John defying his overlordship.

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

Nov 28, 1212

Battle between Christians and Muslims in Las Navas de Tolosa where the Muslims were defeated. It was the beginning of the end of al-Andalus and also refered to as "the punishment".

Battle of Bouvines

Nov 28, 1214

Phillip's forces defeat John's in a defining moment for England. The barons were able to organized and rebel and eventually call the king to account.

Magna Carta

Nov 28, 1215

-intended to be a document defining the rights and obligations of nobility that the king couldnt alter
-also maintained rights of all other free men

Fourth Lateran Council

Nov 28, 1215

-produced a comprehensive set of canons (rules)
-reformed the clergy and laity
-one of the most important canons required christians to attend Mass and to confess their sins to a priest at least once a year.
-marriage was a sacrament

Popolo at Piacenza

Nov 28, 1222

The people, or popolo, were granted a measure of power in the government

-1274 Thomas Aquinas

Nov 28, 1225

Wrote the texts for Corpus Christi
Wrote summae, long and systematis treatises that attempted to sum up all knowlege, in order to harmonize matters both human and divine

-1270 Rule of King Louis IX

Nov 28, 1226

Louis IX (St. Louis) served as king of France
Actively promoted the conversion and baptism of Jews http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRXpnXxl2vrl7ku5SzL2JLD6UHwlPcdJw8zfsMTrDbsS3kVUN2V

Death of Saint Francis

Nov 28, 1226

st. francis dies

Rus conquered

Nov 28, 1230

Rus was conquered by the Mongols as part of Ghengis Khan's vision of world conquest

Discordant Harmonies

Period: Jul 7, 1251 to Nov 28, 1350

Taking advantage of the new opportunities for commerce and evangelization offered by the new empire, Europeans ventured into experiments in government, thought, and artistic modes.

-1321 Dante Alighieri

Nov 28, 1265

Poet responsible for Commedia, later known as the Divine Comedy
Member of the Whites party in Tuscany
Condemned to death and expelled from the city by the Blacks party in 1301

-1337 Giotto

Nov 28, 1266

Painter who experimented with illusion of depth, weight, and volume
Paintings such as Padua and Massacre of the Innocents were used in the Arena Chapel

Election of Rudolf

Nov 28, 1273

The Princes came together and chose Rudolf of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor.
-His family was new to imperial power
-He used this power to gain Austria for his family but did not try to assert his power in Italy.

Statute of Jewry

Nov 28, 1275

Drawn up by King Edward I of England
Stipulated taht Jews had to end the one occupation that they had been given, moneylending
Expected Jews to "live by lawful trade and by their labor"
15 years later Edward I expelled them altogether

China conquered

Nov 28, 1279

All of China came under the rule of the Mongols as part of Ghengis Khan's vision for world domination

Venice

Nov 28, 1284

Gold ducats are first minted

Clericis Liacos

Nov 28, 1296

Issued by Boniface VIII
Declared that all clerics who paid and all laymen who imposed payments without prior authorization from the pope shall incur the sentence of excommunication

-1324 Rule of Osman

Nov 28, 1299

Founded the Ottoman Empire during this time
Marked a transformation of Europe's southeast

Unam Sanctam

Nov 28, 1302

Issued by Boniface VIII
Declared that it is altogether necessary to salvation for every human being to be subject to the Roman Pontiff

Battle of Courtrai

Nov 28, 1302

War between the King of France and the Count of Flanders
The workers supporting the count defeated French forces
Led to some patricians who supported the king being replaced by artisans in the apparatus of Flemish town governments

-1378 Avignon Papacy

Nov 28, 1309

The pope was forced from Rome by civil strife and settled at Avignon
established a sober and efficient organization that took in regular revenues and gave the papacy more then ever before in the appointment of churchmen and the distribution of church benefices and revenues
Largely French papacy

-1453 Hundred Years War

Nov 28, 1337

English king's bid to become ruler of France
Fought over long-standing claims to Continental land
Also feuled by Flemish-English economic relations
Not so much between England and France, but between two conceptions of France: centralized monarchy vs. association of terrirotes ruled by counts and dukes

-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer

Nov 28, 1340

Wrote the Cantebury Tales
Associated war with cheer and valor, a central conceit of chivalry https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR5ymuQuH6u6Hkj-Z1zpNAa2XLa47JkZFjNctWeE8exEVz9oTMi

-1453 Black Death

Nov 28, 1346

Devastated European population
Half of Paris' population died
70-80% of Normandy wiped out
Led to acute labor shortages in towns and countries
Peasants gained more power

Catastrophe and Creativity

Period: Jul 7, 1351 to Nov 28, 1500

Those who survived the plague and disease enjoyed a higher standard of living than before and new-style political entities gained powers that the old had never had.

Golden Bull Promulgated

Nov 28, 1356

Germany was freed from the papcy, but was left dependent on German princes
Left royal and imperial level of administration less important than local administration

-1417 Great Schism

Nov 28, 1378

Rival popes based in Avignon and Rome, both claiming to rule
Third pope based in Bologna joined in 1409
Fed the Hundred Years War

Ciompi Revolt

Nov 28, 1378

Coalition of wool workers, small businessmen, and some disaffected guild members challenged the ruling elites
Succeeded in briefly taking over Florentine government
The movement soon splintered and ended up leaving the old elite back in charge

Wat Tyler's Rebellion

Nov 28, 1381

Group of "commons" converged on Longon to demand an end to serfdom
Response to a poll tax of one shilling per person
Clash between new expectations of freedom brought about by the Black Death and old obligations of servitude
Tyler was killed and the rest of the commons dispersed, but they ultimately dealt the death blow to serfdom

Council of Pisa

Nov 28, 1409

Delegates deposed popes from Rome and Avignon
Elected a new pope
Left three popes, all claming to rule as vicar of Christ
Elongated the Great Schism

-1418 Council of Constance

Nov 28, 1414

Met to resolve papal crises and institute church reforms
Deposed three rival popes and elected Martin V as pope
Did not end fragmentation of church

French victory at Orleans

Nov 28, 1429

French forces led by Jeanne d'Arc defeated the English forces laying seige to Orleans

Printing press

Nov 28, 1450

Invented by Johann Gutenberg at Mainz in Germany
Product of an enormous demand for books
Marked a great practical breakthrough

-1519 Leonardo da Vinci

Nov 28, 1452

Italian Renaissance artist
Painted The Last Supper on one of the walls of a Dominican convent in 1497
In that painting demonstrated mastery of the new science of linear perspective https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTL5sptwsFrSoB-ZIVdtZczdD6ILUDAhU-UM_uRAF16mQ2yl-GR1A

Ottoman Conquest

Nov 28, 1453

Ottoman's conquered Constantinople
Ended the Byzantine Empire

Peace of Lodi

Nov 28, 1454

Ended wars between Venice and Milan
Led to the creation of the Italic League

-1487 Wars of the Roses

Nov 28, 1455

Series of dynamic wars between the Yorkists and Lancastrians

Battle of Nancy

Nov 28, 1477

End of the Burgundian state
Charles the Bold's expansionist policies led to a coalition against him and he died fighting just outside of Nancy

Conquest of Granada

Nov 28, 1492

Last bit of Muslims driven out of Granada by king and queen of Spain

French Invasion

Nov 28, 1494

French forces invaded Italy
Italian League lost control of the status quo in Italy

-883) Zanj revolt in Iraq

Mar 2, 2022

Revolt led by Ali ibn Muhammad that involved thousands of slaves.

Fatimids

Mar 2, 2022

-Built mosques & palaces
-held court ceremonies
-founded cairo and turned it into a center of intelectual life

Abd al Rahman the 3rd

Mar 2, 2022

-claimed to rule al-andalus
-backed by arm of slavic slaves

victory of Otto the 1st over Hungarians

Mar 2, 2022

German King Otto the 1'st stopped Hungarian raids by defeating them at Lechfeld.

-1037 Ibn Sina

Mar 2, 2022

-Scholar who studdied & practiced medicine, natural sciences, philosophy, and wrote many books.
-Served the ruler at Bukhara in the Center of Asia

Vladimir converts to Christianity

Mar 2, 2022

-took the name Basil & married the emperor's sister
-christianization of the general public followed
-the ammount of monks and moastaries increased

-992 Mieszko I

Mar 2, 2022

-Leader of Polanians
-Roman Catholic by Faith
-Placed Poland under papal protection in 991 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MieszkoDagome.jpg Portrait of Mieszko

Peace of God Movement

Mar 2, 2022

-movement where bishops listened to popular opinion
-this movement attracted lords and peasants alike

-950 Invasion of Europe

Mar 2, 2022

-Vikings raided the coasts of France, England, Scotland, Ireland, and across the Atlantic in 1000.
-Muslims conqured Sicily, pillaged southern France, and

-899 Reign of kin Alfred the great of England

Mar 2, 2022

-New styles of royal government
-New military forms such as the Navy
-Intened to educate all free-born men http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Alfred_(The_Great).jpg -19th century depiction of Alfred the great

Otto I (Emperor)

Mar 2, 2022

Otto I crowned Emperror & recognized the greatness of Charlemagne shortly after being crowned king of germany.

Political Communities Reordered

Period: Mar 2, 2022 to Nov 28, 1050

The large scale centralized governments of the ninth century dissolved in the tenth.