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Harsh Working Conditions
Children were paid -10cnts an hr. for 14 dys, they were assigned to simpler unskilled jobs
Many kids had physical deformities due to unstable work conditions & lack of sunlight and exercise, the death rate rate went up.
Ppl lived in "slums" where 5-9 ppl lived also, made it easier to catch a disease or sickness
-Max. 12 hrs. per day for women, they earned 1/3 of what men received or sometimes one-half.
Women worked in factories & mills, very unsafe, treated unfairly; seen as servants/mistresses. -
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The Revolution
-Focused on women's rights & women's suffrage
-Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton both were publishers and editors
-They established the revolution during a period when a split was developing withing women's rights movement
-Together they provided leadership for ending slavery in the US in 1865
-Women's rights movement had greatly reduced its act during civil war -
Women's Christian Temperance Union
-The purpose of WCTU was to combat the influence of acohol on families & society
-Frances Willard became president of the WCTU & tuned to organizing political means in addition to moral persuasion to achieve total abstinence
-The issue was seen in society as moral, issue to create prohibition through the nation -
Assassination of President James Garfield
-Charles J. Guiteau a lawyer with a history of mental issues assassinated President James Garfield
-Shot the president in the back b/c Charles G. was mentally unstable he felt he helped elect pres. Garfield and Garfield denied him a job deal w/ the patronage system
-The bullet didn't kill him, the infection caused by the doctors did they didn't sterilize equipment or wash hands
-Guiteau died by hanging -
Pendleton Act of 1883
-Provided the federal gov. jobs awarded on the basis of merit and be selected through competitive exams
-In 1881 a mentally unstable man assassinated James A. Garfield in protest against not obtaining a gov. job
-The public's reaction caused president Arthur to introduce this law
-Patronage system: practice where after winning an election, gives gov. jobs to it's supporters/friends
-Merit system: process of promoting & hiring gov. employees based on their ability to perform a job -
Interstate Commerce Act
-Supreme Court ruled that a state could not regulate RR traffic moving across state boundaries
-The act made to be fair to all RR customers
-The act required RR rates to be "reasonable and just", but didn't empower gvt. to fix specific rates
-The ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) was created to monitor RR rates and comply with regulations -
Sherman Anti-trust Act
-Was the first fed. act that outlawed monopolistic business practices
-The Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 was the first measured passed by the US congress to prohibit trust
-Trust: arrangement stockholders & transferred their people
-Rockefeller was the standard oil & felt pressure fro the gov. simply reorganizing into single corporation
-Eventually the gov. stopped trying to enforce the Sherman Act & consolidation of business continued -
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The Progressive Era
The progressive era was a time of social and political reforms during which corruption and social differences were exposed, many changes were made to american society
-Progressive era was a time of reform such as the initiative and referendum (vote) -
Red Record
-Ida B. Wells
-Wells passion was telling the country of the awful happening in the south lynchings because she lost several friends
-Effect was to raise awareness and option of the Southern region on how African Americans were being treated -
Plessy VS. Ferguson
-Law case of the US supreme Ct it upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"
-"Separate but equal" did not violate the 14th amendment to the US constitution in 1868 which guaranteed equal protection under the law to all citizens
-The expression most often refers to the legally or socially enforced separation of African Americans from other races, but also applies the general discrimination against people of color by white communities -
Yukon/Klondike Gold Rush
-Only 40,000 of 100,000 prospectors actually made it
-4,000 find gold but only 200 became rich
-Traveling was difficult due to rough terrain & prospectors had to carry a year worth of supplies
-Prospectors helped economic development of the towns by buying a lot of their supplies in local hardware stores -
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Progressive (Bull Moose) Party
-The party lost at the national level in 1912 to the Democratic nominee Pres.Wilson
-Candidates, Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson
-Politicians of the Republican Party wanted Roosevelt but Taft had advantage& was nominated so Teddy Roosevelt broke off
-Formed a new 3rd party The progressive party(Bull Moose Party)
-The party's platform called for direct election of senators & adoption (all states) of initiative & recall
-Advocated womens suffrage/minimum wage, child labor laws, & 8 hr. work week -
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Muckraker Journalism
-muckraker journalism was one magazine journalist who exposed the corrupt side of business & public life in the early 1900s
-Journalists described immigrant ghettos and the poor living conditions of tenement housing
-Muckraker condemned exploitation of child labor & white salve traffic in women -
Pure Food and Drug Act
-Prevented the manufacture, sale & transportation adulterated, mislabeled or poisonous food, drugs & medicines.
-Was the first of many consumer protection law
-The law required to label any addictive drug, including alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannibis.
-This law required coca-cola to remove the cocaine and replace with caffeine -
NAACP
-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-An organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality
-Had over 6,000 members by 1914
-Established by Web Du -
16th Amendment
-Allows the congress to levy an income tax on the people
-Its biggest effect was it shifted the balance of power toward the federal govt. and away from the states
-Progressive favoring or advocating progress and change
Revenue- collective items of income of a person, state, etc.
Tariff- tax or duty to be paid -
17th Amendment
-The Senate of the U.S. shall be composed of 2 Senators from each State, elected by the people there of, for 6 years and each senator shall have one vote
-It changed the theory about who senators represented, shifting the focus from the state govts. to the residents of the states
-Direct election: system of choosing political office holders in which the votes directly cast ballots for the person -
Federal Reserve Act
-Caused by the nations to strengthen how banks were run & quickly adjust amount of money in circulation & have enough money supply to keep up with economy
-Gave 12 federal reserve banks the ability to print money in order to ensure economics stability
-Helped create the federal reserve system & centralized banking known as "bankers bank"
-Made the value of the US dollars stronger by influencing the economy -
18th Amendment
-Caused by widespread belief that consumption of alcohol was deteriorating Americans health and causing criminal activities
-Established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the U.S. by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal
-Instead of reducing crime, it created massive organized crime movements and corrupted public officials who took bribes -
18th Amendment Vocabulary
Temperance- restraint & moderation from drinking
Prohibition- nationwide ban of alcohol
Speak easy- illicit establishment that sells alcoholic beverages
Flopper- generation of young western women in 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their unacceptable behavior -
19th Amendment
-Women wanted equality
-Granted women the right to vote - a right known as suffrage
-Helped women move closer to equality in all aspects of american life
-Women advocated for jobs, fair wages, education, sex education, & birth control -
The Jungle
-Written by Muckraking journalist Upton Sinclair
-Focus was the human condition in the stockyards of Chicago & exploit the labor of men & women for profit
-Magnified the sickening conditions of the meat-packing industry
-As a result of making the public aware of the filthy & dangerous conditions, each local gov. passed it's own set of health codes as well as the meat inspection act & the pure food & drug act