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Sumerians begin using clay tokens to represent values and to exchange for goods such as sheep, bread, and oil.
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The Israelites built the wall of Jericho just after settling.
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In 3200 B.C. they created a true writing system called cuneiform with symbols that represented words or syllables. The Sumerians also began pressing the tokens into clay tablets to make signs.
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Menes, the king of Upper Egypt, united the two regions. He created the first capital around Memphis, right by the Nile Delta. They used the Nile as a highway North and South to send armies making it one of the first unified states.
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Armies of conquering people swept over Mesopotamia and overwhelmed Sumerian cities, and eventually was replaced by other civilizations.
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Ptah-hotep was a vizier to a pharaoh, he wrote a book called 'Instructions to the Vizier Ptah-hotep'. It was about being humble and honest to one's superiors, and to be fair to others of all ranks.
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The ruler of Akkad, Sargon, invaded and conquered the neighboring city-states of Sumer.
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The king of Babylon, Hammurabi, brought most of Mesopotamia under control of his empire.
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Foreign invaders called the Hyksos also lived in the Nile Delta region. They adopted the Egyptians customs/beliefs and after ruling for 100 years new leader families took over and established a New Kingdom.
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Hatshepsut was taken over by Thutmose III once he had become an adult and he ruled the largest stretch of land that Egypt had ever had.
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Amenhotep IV devoted his life to Aton, which was a powerful priest of Amon Re. Akhenaton was what he called himself meaning "he who serves Aton".
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The Assyrians learned to forge iron weapons, they had established an empire by 1350 B.C.
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The Jews were led out of Egypt by Moses.
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Ramses II became the new ruler for 66 years, and he ruled a stretch of land as far as Syria, and had many temples and monuments.
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In 1100 B.C. the Assyrians began expanding their empire across Mesopotamia, and for 500 years were the most feared across the land.
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Jerusalem was captured by King David and he established it as the City of David.
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Jerusalem and Israel unified as one nation, bringing together many people and a large stretch of land.
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The King of the Israelites, who was King Solomon at the time, built First Temple.
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The Assyrians crushed Israel and 10 of their tribes were executed.
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After Assurbanipal's death, the neighboring peoples joined together to destroy the Assyrian Armies.
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Babylon fell to Persian armies of Cyrus the great. Cyrus built the largest empire yet seen and controlled the territory stretching from Asia Minor to India.
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The Jews were allowed to rebuild the temple in return for the oath of loyalty to Persia.
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Darius set up a system of government that became a model for later rulers. He divided the empire into provinces and each place had a governor called a satrap.
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The Egyptian power slowly faded and the Assyrians and Persians conquered the Nile. The last Egyptian Dynasty ended and the Greeks took over,
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Persia's empire was conquered by Alexander the Great of Macedonia and the Hellenization of Israel began.
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The Rosetta Stone was carved, which is a stone that helped decrypt three languages.
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The Romans forced the Jews to leave Israel when it became Palestine.
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The Romans conquered the Israeli region.
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The Roman armies displaced the Greeks and grew more into the Nile Valley.
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An archeologist named Howard Carter uncovered a tomb ( that hasn't been touched in over 3000 years) of Tutankhamen who was the son in law of Akhenaton.