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Period: to
William Lyon Mackenzie King as Prime Minister of Canada
- Premier of Quebec: Maurice Duplessis
- Major Changes: Duplessis' government, based on economic liberalism, had very conservative policies and kept Quebecers in the dark (Class Notes, Jan22)
- Significance: Later on many citizens began opposing him, and after the Richard riot there were early signs of Quebec identity, leading to the quiet revolution
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Act to Promote Rural Electrification
- Cause: Duplessis and his gov't wanted to modernize agriculture, so he put in the law to give farmers electricity (Santamaria, Modernization of AgricultureP.5)
- Effect:The creation of tows near mines in Schefferville and Gagnon. Railroads were also built to ship iron ore when the demands for natural resources sky rocketed ("Santamaria, Exploitation Natural Resources, P.4)"
- Impact:Was the beginning of Duplessis' goal to modernize agriculture, and the Quebec society(" ")
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Period: to
Maurice Duplessis as Premier of Quebec
- Prime Minister of Canada:Louis St.Laurent (Reflections P210)
- Major Changes:This Era became known as the great darkness for its conservative policies which kept Quebecers in the dark(Class slides,P2)
- Significance:Affected Quebec's identity and how ties to church,and later on they become more independent with their identity and culture.An early sign of this was the Richard riot,as suspension by anglophone,fueled tensions between french and english communities(Class Notes)
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Adoption of the Fleur-de-lise(Québec’s Flag)
- Cause: Political factors, since this event occurs while Duplessis was defending Qc's autonomy ("Class notes Jan17") -Effect:Duplessis' gov't created new flag, and introduced own personal income tax, as they were becoming more financially independent (" ")
- Impact:Significant to Quebec's modernization because a new provincial flag was created, the Quebec flag today, and was the personal income tax is the start of their modernization and independence (Class Notes, Jan17)
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Refus Global Manifesto Published
- Cause:Intellectuals and artists began opposing Duplessis for his conservative policies and ties to the Church ("Class Notes P5")
- Effect:Artists signed a manifesto, called Refus global, to limit power of the church over the society, advocated for state to take charge of education and health, and wanted secularism (" ")
- Impact:Citizens didn't want Duplessis as premier, didn't agree with his policies. Later led to the Quiet Revolution, under Jean Lesage as the premier(" ")
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Asbestos Strike
- Cause: many citizens began opposing Duplessis because of his traditionalist, conservative, and close ties to church's policies (Class Notes Protest Movements, Jan22)
- Effect: Violent strikes as miners wanted safer conditions more $, but Duplessis declared the strike illegal (Santamaria, protest Moments P.6)
- Impact: Refus Global, a manifesto to limit power of church over society, and Secularism (Class Notes, Jan22)
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Arrival of Television in Québec
- Cause:The strong post war economy (Class Notes, Jan.31
- Effect:Baby boom, mass consumption, Qc society exposed to American culture–Americanism through tv promoting freedom, increased purchasing power allowed families to afford modern alliances that were advertised, led to QC becoming a consumer society (Santamaria, Evolving Society, p.7)
- Impact: Huge impact on Quebec (Santamaria, Evolving Society, p.7)
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Introduction of Provincial Income Tax (Fiscal Autonomy)
- Cause:Maurice Duplessis elected in 1945, very conservative policies and state had ties to church (Class Notes, Jan25)
- Effect:They created a new flag, now today's Quebec flag, and Duplessis refused to give up powers from the BNA Act,even in exchange for subsidies or participation in federal programs(Santamaria, P.3)
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Period: to
Paul Sauvé as Premier of Québec
- Premier: Paul Sauvé (Reflections, P.223)
- Prime minister of Canada: Louis-Stephen St-Laurent (Reflections, P.210)
- Major Changes: Was shifting away from previous premier(Duplessis) from the conservative and traditionalist policies and close ties to church. But he died suddenly in 1960 (Reflections P.223)
- Significance: Changed the 60's in that it was the beginning of the Quiet Revolution, and a new premier was elected–Jean Lesage (Class Notes, P.7)
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Creation of the Department of Cultural Affairs
- Cause: Quebec was creating several crown corporations to promote economic stability and strengthen the economy. This included, protection of the french language, and cultural affirmation (Santamaria, P.14)
- Effect: Qc created this department to promote Quebecois identity and culture, by building museums, establishing the office du film du Quebec,etc. (Santamaria, P.15)
- Impact: This marked a pivotal step in cultural preservation (Santamaria, P.15)
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Nationalization of Electricity (Hydro-Québec Expands)
- Cause:Jean Lesage elected in 1960, state becomes driving force for Qc economy("Class Notes Welfare State Jan22")
- Effect:Lesage's gov't nationalized electricity by buying out all the companies and merging with HydroQc into crown corporation for a reliable supply of electricity(" ")
- Impact:Created jobs and source of revenue.During this time(Q.R)advocated for secular control on education,led to the state taking over church's previous responsibilities(" ")
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Creation of the Ministry of Education (Parent Report Recommendations)
- Cause:The beginning of the Quiet revolution was a major change in societyculture compared to Duplessis Era.Shifted education policies,healthcare system,and plans for workers.This included the parent commission ("Class, P.7")
- Effect:Their recommendations for major reforms to create high quality public education allowed for the department of education to be created in 1964("")
- Impact:Changing the education system, making it not outdated which Lesage had criticized("")
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Bill 16–Married Women Gain Legal Independence
- Cause: The Act Respecting the Legal Capacity of Married Women (Santamaria, Changing Attitudes P.23)
- Effect: Women gained legal status to perform legal acts without husband or father's permission, since before Bill16, they needed to be given permission (Santamaria, Changing Attitudes P.23)
- Impact: Social norms changed, church attendance declined during the 60's, divorce rates increased, marriages declined, and social value were shifting (Santamaria P.23)
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Establishment of CEGEPs and Université du Québec Network
- Cause: Return of the Union Nationale, under Daniel Johnson, elected in 1966 (Class Notes, Jan.22)
- Effect: Qc transformed into a welfare state, where gov't is responsible for essential services, and state becomes interventionists to direct the economy(Santamaria Notes, p.16)
- Impact: Changes the education system, and health care, as secularized education system, parent commission lead to creation of department of eduction (Class Notes, Jan.22)
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Charles de Gaulle’s “Vive le Québec libre” Speech
- Cause: Quebec was becoming more individual and recognizing their identity by this time, during the Quiet Revolution(Class Notes)
- Effect: Singers created cultural symbols for Quebec, play writers using joual-a Qc working class slang, the creation of cultural venues, etc. (Class Notes, P.11)
- Impact: These cultural measures allowed artistic production to flourish, putting Quebecois values into into artwork (Class Notes, p.11)
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Expo 67 – Showcasing Québec’s Identity to the World
- Cause: This event was one of many international events as Qc become a modern society (Santamaria Notes, P.16)
- Effect: Landmarks were created, there was access to new technologies, a more educations society due to higher unionization rates, more francophone businesses, a new elite etc. (Santamaria Notes, P.16)
- Impact: Created a rush of cultural communities, making Quebec more diverse and a more multicultural society (Class Notes)
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Period: to
Pierre Elliott Trudeau as Prime Minister of Canada
- Premier Of Quebec: Daniel Johnson(Reflections P.231)
- Prime Minister: Pierre Elliott Trudeau(Reflections P.238
- Major Changes: He was included in the decision to call a Royal commission examine the state of bilingualism and biculturalism in Can.and address Qc’s growing nationalist concerns("Class Notes" P11)
- Significance: Recommendations submitted to Trudeau,leading to creation of Official Languages Act which made English+French official languages of Canada(" " P12)
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October Crisis – FLQ Kidnappings & War Measures Act
- Cause: Radical separatists had been targeting British colonialism and Anglophone Power since the 60's. They kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte (Santamaria Notes, P.27)
- Effect: Laporte was later found dead. Robert Bourassa requested federal intervention, and Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act ("Class Notes, P.19")
- Impact: The act suspended civil rights, allowing authorities to delay individuals without charges, and several FLQ members were arrested(" ")
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Introduction of Québec’s Medicare System (Health Insurance Act)
- Cause: Issues with private health insurance for certain citizens, and wasn't available to all (Class Notes)
- Effect: Health Insurance Act is introduced, establishing universal healthcare coverage in Qc. The gov’t created community clinics to provide accessible local health and social services ("Class Notes, P.17")
- Impact: Bourassa’s measures showing his commitment to social reforms, and ensured healthcare accessibility for all citizens going forward. (" ")
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Period: to
Robert Bourassa as Premier of Québec
- Premier: Robert Bourassa ("Reflections" P254)
- Prime Minister of Canada: Louis-Stephen St-Laurent (" " P210)
- Major Changes: Passed Official Languages Act, made French only official language, French worried losing ground, since allophone sent kids to English-language schools,etc.("Class P22")
- Significance: Lead to artists addressing social issues about Qc’s future, and the movement known as quebecitude.Stronger identity through events such as Superfrancofete("")
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Period: to
Oil Crises and Economic Downturn
- Premier of Quebec: Robert Bourassa (Class Notes, March 7)
- Prime Minister of Canada: Pierre Elliott Trudeau (Reflections, p.262)
- Major Changes: Companies relocated to countries with lower labour costs, which caused job losses across Canada (Class Notes, March 10)
- Significance: Led to high unemployment rate, and started off the 80's with a very unstable economy, making the early 80's very challenging (Santamaria Notes, Economic Downturn, P.34)
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Superfrancofête – Cultural Affirmation in Québec
- Cause: Quebecois artists began addressing social issues, including nationalism and sovereignty
- Effect: Artistic movement called quebecitude emphasized its aspirations for self-determination
- Impact: Events such as; La fete nationale, and superfrancofête, promoting french language and identity
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Adoption of Québec’s Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
- Cause: Bourassa wanted to focus on social justice in an evolving society("Class Notes, P.17")
- Effect: This charter declared all individuals as equal, and their rights must be respected and promoted Established mechanisms to investigate discrimination, and promote fairness across Qc society("")
- Impact: Changed Qc society in that they were all seen as individuals and respected for who they are. Also lead to indigenous wanting more self-determination(Class Notes, P.18)
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Election of René Lévesque & The Parti Québécois
- Cause: First time a sovereign focused party come to power in Quebec
- Effect: His government campaigned to hold a referendum to decide if Qc should become sovereign, promoted policies that aimed to reinforce Qc's french identity and greater autonomy
- Impact: The PQ won election, was a turning point demonstrating growing support for nationalism and desire to control identity
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Bill 101 – The Charter of the French Language
- Cause: Quebec is now under Rene Levesque(Premier). He introduced Bill 101, to state Qc’s cultural distinctiveness ("Class Notes, P.24")
- Effect: Required children of immigrants to attend francophone school until the end of high school, ensuring future generations contributed to preserving language. Also imposed French only requirements, on public and commercial signage (" ")
- Impact: Law caused concern among Anglo-Quebecers,and thousands left to Ontario (" ")