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Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany March 22 Dachau concentration camp opens April 1 Boycott of Jewish shops and businesses April 7 Laws for Reestablishment of the Civil Service barred Jews from holding civil service, university, and state positions April 26 Gestapo established May 10 Public burning of books written by Jews, political dissidents, and others not approved by the state July 14 Law stripping East European Jewish immigrants of German citizenship -
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Hitler proclaims himself Fuhrer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Reich Chancellor). Armed forces must now swear allegiance to him -
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May 31 Jews barred from serving in the German armed forces September 15 "Nuremberg Laws": anti-Jewish racial laws enacted; Jews no longer considered German citizens; Jews could not marry Aryans; nor could they fly the German flag November 15 Germany defines a "Jew": anyone with three Jewish grandparents; someone with two Jewish grandparents who identifies as a Jew -
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March 3 Jewish doctors barred from practicing medicine in German institutions March 7 Germans march into the Rhineland, previously demilitarized by the Versailles Treaty June 17 Himmler appointed the Chief of German Police July Sachsenhausen concentration camp opens October 25 Hitler and Mussolini form Rome-Berlin Axis -
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July 15 Buchenwald concentration camp opens -
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March 13 Anschluss (incorporation of Austria): all antisemitic decrees immediately applied in Austria April 26 Mandatory registration of all property held by Jews inside the Reich July 6 Evian Conference held in Evian, France on the problem of Jewish refugees August 1 Adolf Eichmann establishes the Office of Jewish Emigration in Vienna to increase the pace of forced emigration -
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Germany begins deportation of Austrian and Czech Jews to Poland
Jews in German-occupied Poland forced to wear an arm band or yellow star -
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Germans occupy Denmark and southern Norway May 7 Lodz Ghetto (Litzmannstadt) sealed: 165,000 people in 1.6 square miles May 10 Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France May 20 Concentration camp established at Auschwitz June 22 France surrenders August 8 Battle of Britain begins September 27 Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis November 16 Warsaw Ghetto sealed: ultimately contained 500,000 people -
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January 21-26 Anti-Jewish riots in Romania, led by the Iron Guard (Romanian fascist organization); hundreds of Jews butchered February 1 German authorities begin rounding up Polish Jews for transfer to Warsaw Ghetto -
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January 20 Wannsee Conference in Berlin: Heydrich outlines plan to murder Europe's Jews July 22 Germans establish Treblinka concentration camp Deportation of Jews to killing centers from Belgium, Croatia, France, the Netherlands, and Poland; armed resistance by Jews in ghettos of Kletzk, Kremenets, Lakhva, Mir, Tuchin, and Weisweiz Winter Deportation of Jews from Germany, Greece and Norway to killing centers; Jewish partisan movement organized in forests near Lublin -
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Warsaw Ghetto revolt begins as Germans attempt to liquidate 70,000 inhabitants; Jewish underground fights Nazis until early June Armed revolt in Sobibor extermination camp -
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Nazis begin deporting Hungarian Jews, by June 27, 380,000 sent to Auschwitz
Last Jews deported from Theresienstadt (Terezin) to Auschwitz Beginning of death march of approximately 40,000 Jews from Budapest to Austria -
holocaust
Evacuation of Auschwitz; beginning of death march January 25 Beginning of death march for inmates of Stutthof April 6-10 Death march of inmates of Buchenwald April 30 Hitler commits suicide May 8 V-E Day: Germany surrenders; end of Third Reich August 6 Bombing of Hiroshima August 9 Bombing of Nagasaki August 15 V-J Day: Victory over Japan proclaimed. September 2 Japan surrenders; end of World War II