-
Period: 5000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Prehistory
Use of stone and wooden tools, such as axes and chisels, for hunting and construction.
Development of primitive agricultural techniques and animal domestication.
Construction of simple structures, such as huts and temporary shelters. -
3100 BCE
Ancient Egypt
Advanced construction techniques for pyramids, including the use of ramps.
Construction of hydraulic systems, such as canals and dams.
Development of writing and engineering records. -
509 BCE
Ancient Rome
Construction of notable architectural structures like the Colosseum and the Pantheon.
Development of military engineering with fortified castle construction and bridge building. -
500
Military Engineering
Development of siege machines, such as catapults and trebuchets.
Construction of fortified castles with advanced defense systems. -
1452
Leonardo da Vinci
Contributions to engineering with designs of flying machines, bridges, and hydraulic systems.
Experimentation with scientific principles applied to engineering. -
Civil Engineering
Development of construction techniques with a greater emphasis on stability and aesthetic design.
Innovations in architecture and urban planning. -
Machines and Railways
Invention of the steam engine by James Watt.
Construction of railways and development of industrial machinery.
Advances in mass production and mechanical engineering. -
Electrical Engineering
Invention of the electric light bulb by Thomas Edison.
Development of electrical transmission systems and power generation. -
Chemical Engineering
Development of industrial chemical processes, such as chemical manufacturing and synthetic materials. -
Period: to
Aerospace Engineering
First flight by the Wright brothers in 1903.
Development of commercial aviation and space exploration. -
Period: to
Software Engineering
Emergence of computing and development of programming languages.
Advances in operating systems and networks. -
Period: to
Biomedical Engineering
Advances in medical devices, prosthetics, and medical imaging technologies.
Integration of engineering into personalized medicine. -
Period: to
Genetic Engineering
Development of DNA recombinant technology and genetic engineering.
Advances in gene therapy and organism modification. -
Period: to
Environmental Engineering
Focus on renewable energies and green technologies.
Development of waste management systems and water conservation. -
Period: to
Emerging Technologies
Development of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and augmented reality.
Advances in nanotechnology and molecular-level manufacturing.