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Structural / Behaviorist CALL
The first phase, the Structural/Behaviorist CALL, was conceived in the 1950s and implemented in the 1960s and 1970 ( Polat,2017). This stage contains features based on the behavioral learning model, and repetitive language exercises were the main features of this stage (Warschauer & Healey, 1998). PLATO was the first generalized computer-aided teaching system and could be shown as a teaching tool at this stage. -
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CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning)
Computer-Assisted Language Learning( CALL) is learning media using computer assistance to increase communication or interaction between teachers and learners in the learning process. Moreover, CALL supports the understanding of the learned language and improves learning efficiency. According to Warschauer and Healey (1998), the history of CALL can be divided into three phases: Structural/behaviorist CALL, communicative CALL and integrative CALL (as cited in Polat,2017). -
Communicative CALL
This was the second phase of CALL, it consisted of a more active method, and the interaction between the user and computer was increased. Moreover, it consisted of software and programs that gave students the freedom to respond. Communicative CALL corresponded to cognitive theories emphasizing that learning is a process of discovery and development (Gündüz,2005). Students are encouraged to produce original phrases instead of manipulating pre-prepared language in this phase. -
Integrative CALL
Integrative CALL is the stage where computer-assisted language learning develops rapidly with the introduction of factors such as multimedia and the Internet. This phase aims to make full use of networked computers as a way to involve students in collaboration. Thanks to this phase, students have access to unique language learning resources from around the world tailored to their personal interests, and they can create their unique learning environment ("Integrative CALL," n.d.). -
Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL)
Mobile-assisted language learning is a subset of both mobile and computer-assisted language learning, developed using a handheld mobile device. When combined with the power of Web 2.0 technology, MALL allows language learners to access resources and exchange partners with native speakers. Also, students can use mobile-generated media such as photos, videos and audio recordings to produce their own content, making the target language more interesting to study (Rachel, 2020). -
Robot-Assisted Language Learning (RALL)
Robot-assisted language learning (RALL) is defined as the use of robots to teach people comprehension skills such as speaking, writing, reading, or listening (Randall, 2020). Firstly, Inspired by artificial intelligence technology, RALL's research and development began in 2004 in the Asian country(John,2018). Moreover, RALL can play a critical role in language education, as it can enable students to be active and motivated in the language teaching process. -
References
Gündüz, N. (2005). Computer-Assisted Language Learning. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 1 (2), 193-214. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jlls/issue/9922/122824 Rachel. (2020, September 21). MALL: Mobile-assisted language learning. Edusoft. https://edusoftlearning.com/mall-mobile-assisted-language-learning/ Randall, N. (2020). A survey of robot-assisted language learning (RALL). ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction, 9(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3345506 -
References
John, C. (2018, July 9). The evolution and impact of technology in language education – Technology and the curriculum: Summer 2018. Create OER with Pressbooks – Your partner in open publishing.
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References
Polat, M. (2017). CALL in context: A brief historical and theoretical perspective. Issues and Trends in Educational Technology, 5(1). Warschauer, M., & Healey, D. (1998). Computers and language learning: An overview. Language Teaching, 31(02), 57-71. Tics, E., V. (2015, September 29). An introduction to CALL (Computer-assisted language learning) [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/x1_cIAWLWMQ Integrative CALL. (n.d.). My Site. https://edtechcall.weebly.com/integrative-call.html