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Plato and Aristotle
Plato. All knowledge is innate and perfectible. He suggested that the brain is the mechanism of mental processes.
Aristotle. The "association" between ideas facilitated understanding and recall. He suggested that the heart is the mechanism of mental processes.
They both discussed the types of education appropriate for different types of people, the relationships between teacher and student, the means and methods of teaching, and the nature of learning. -
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Juan Vives
Among his contributions, he stands out by supporting the education of women, induction as a method of study, and the study of nature. He wrote a lot about contemporary educational psychology. He pointed out that to learn you have to practice it. He focused on individual differences and the need for equal education, especially for the "feeble-minded," such as the deaf and blind, anticipating the work of educational and school psychologists in special education. -
John Comenius
He wrote texts based on developmental theory and where the use of visual aids in instruction is seen for the first time. He taught that understanding, not memory, is the goal of instruction; that we learn best when we have the opportunity to teach it; and that parents have a fundamental role in their children's schooling. He described the school system that is used in many countries today, beginning with kindergarten, elementary school, high school, college, and ending with the university. -
John Lock
Locke defended his hypothesis that people learn mainly from external forces. He argued that the mind was a "tabula rasa", that is, a blank sheet where human beings write everything they learn and that the successions of simple impressions gave rise to complex ideas through association and reflection. Locke is credited with the term "empiricism" which holds that learning occurs based on experience. -
John Locke
Locke defended his hypothesis that people learn mainly from external forces. He defined the mind as a "tabula rasa", that is, the mind is a blank sheet where people write down their knowledge based on what they experience, and the successions of simple impressions gave rise to complex ideas through association and reflection. Locke is credited with establishing "empiricism" which tells us that knowledge is created based on experience. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau presented the belief that the acquisition of knowledge occurs through experience and reason. He considered education as the ideal way to train free citizens aware of their rights and duties. In his postulates, he emphasizes that the education of children should be according to their natural impulses, the importance of stimulating the desire to learn, and the idea that the education of the child begins from birth and should be prevented from acquiring habits of who could become a slave. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
He presented a new theory of educational pedagogy where he defends the idea that the acquisition of knowledge occurs through experience. He considered education as the ideal way to form free citizens aware of their rights and duties. He proposed educating children according to their natural interests, said that it is important to stimulate the desire to learn, and argued that children's education begins from birth and should be prevented from acquiring habits to which they could become a slave. -
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Pestalozzi based his work on Rousseau, where teaching children should be based on their natural interests. His approach was based on two main premises: first, children need an emotionally safe environment for successful learning, and second, instruction must begin with sensations. He used the principle of Anschauung, a process that involved the formation of clear concepts from the impressions of the senses. Object teaching was the most popular and widely adopted element of Pestalozzianism. -
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
His work was based on Rousseau's where children should be taught based on their natural inclinations. His approach was based on two main premises: first, children need an emotionally safe environment for successful learning; and second, the instruction must be sensory. Pestalozzi used the Anschauung principle, a process that involved creating concepts from sense impressions. Object teaching was the most popular and widely adopted element of Pestalozzianism. -
Fredrich Herbart
He empathized with the importance of interest in motivation. According to him, interest develops when ideas already implanted connect with new ones, so that past associations motivate the perception of current ones. Herbartianism, learning follows from building up sequences of ideas important to the individual. He promoted the five formal steps for teaching any subject: preparation of the student's mind, presentation of the material to be learned, comparison, generalization, and application. -
Johann Friedrich Herbart
Herbat empathized with the importance of interest in motivation. According to Herbart, interest develops when ideas already implanted are effectively connected with new ones, so that past associations motivate the perception of current ones. He also developed the five fundamental steps to teach any subject: preparation of the mind of the student, presentation of the material to be learned, comparison, generalization, and application. -
Friedrich Froebel
He was the founder of the kindergarten, he maintained that "children are like tiny flowers; they are varied and need care, but each one is alone beautiful and glorious when seen in the community of peers". His idea was to help children learn while playing, he argued that in this way they learned better instead with direct instruction from the teacher. His educational philosophies still live on today. Teachers use his strategies as part of their teaching techniques. -
Friedrich Froebel
He was the founder of the kindergarten, he used to say that "Children are like tiny flowers; they are varied and need care, but each one is alone beautiful and glorious when seen in the community of peers." He believed in the idea that children learned better by playing rather than by direct instruction from the teacher. His philosophies of education, through hands-on activities, still live on today. Teachers apply his ideas and strategies as part of their teaching techniques. -
Herbert Spencer
He proposed a theory to apply the theory of evolution to sociology, especially to education and class struggle. He defined that the purpose and task of education were to teach everyone how to live fully. Spencer advocated student-based machine learning and highlighted the role of interest in the teaching process. He defined 3 types of education; intellectual: do not learn by memory, moral: teach that all actions have consequences and physical: avoid mental fatigue and conservation of the earth. -
Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt introduced the use of experimental methods in psychology, leaving aside rational analysis. He investigated the immediate experiences of consciousness, such as sensations, ideas, and feelings. He also focused on fundamental concepts related to apperception (conscious awareness) and introspection (conscious examination of conscious experience). -
Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt is recognized for being the creator of the first laboratory of Experimental Psychology. He introduced the use of experimental methods in psychology, setting aside rational analysis. He investigated the immediate experiences of consciousness, such as sensations, ideas, and feelings, he also explored the fundamental concepts related to apperception (conscious perception) and introspection (conscious examination of conscious experience). -
William James
James is regarded as the "father of American psychology". His Darwinian approach helped introduce the theory to psychology, he believed that man inherited many instincts (more than other animals). He argued that memory is enhanced when it is organized, and "cramming" is a poor strategy because we make few connections in a short time and knowledge does not stay. He contributed to functionalism, one of the earliest schools of thought in psychology. -
William James
William James is known as the father of American psychology. He is known for contributing to functionalism, one of the earliest schools of thought in psychology. He was a Darwinist who helped introduce the theory to psychology, he believed that man inherited many instincts (more than other animals). He argued that memory is enhanced when it is organized, and cramming is a poor strategy because we make few connections in a short time. -
Jhon Dewey
Dewey pointed out that stimuli and responses occur as part of previous and future chains because that is the nature of experience. He believed that individuals engage with aspects of their environment, not because they are interesting, but because they are ways of fulfilling a purpose. This was denominated "functionalism". Dewey proposed a school, which would be based on an experimental method that would develop in children the necessary skills to solve the problems that were presented to them. -
Edward Bradford Titchener
He was the founder of structuralist psychology, a psychological current that focused on the analysis of mental processes through introspection, which is a valid way of interpreting a wide variety of sensations and feelings. Titchener affirmed that consciousness (or the mind) is made up of three types of phenomena: sensations, affects, and images, and that when several of the same class came together, more complex processes appeared. -
Edward Bradford Titchener
He was the founder of structuralist psychology, which focused on the analysis of mental processes through introspection. He considered the study of the mind to be the only purpose of psychological research. He focused on mental processes such as concept formation and argued that insight is a valid way to interpret a wide variety of sensations and feelings. He had the objective of analyzing the mind from the basic elements that make it up, and how these come together to form complex processes. -
Edward Lee Thorndike
Thorndike was one of the first psychologists to combine learning theory, psychometrics, and applied research on school-related topics to form educational psychology.
Thorndike was "connectionist" because he sought to explain learning in terms of stimulus-response connections, which become stronger each time they bring about a satisfactory state of affairs for the organism. He is credited with the "Law of Effect" to explain the strengthening or weakening of connections as a result of experience. -
Jean Piaget
He is best known for his theory of cognitive development, which looks at how children develop intellectually throughout childhood. He affirms that children learn and develop their knowledge in 4 clearly defined stages, which he defined as genetic epistemology. Through this, he established structures through which human beings learn about the world. He wanted to establish the relationship between age and the nature of the mistakes made at each stage. -
John B. Carroll
He is mainly known for his contributions in the field of psychometrics around the measurement of phenomena such as intelligence, language skills, or academic performance. The theory of the three strata of intelligence proposes that the factorial structure of human cognitive aptitudes is composed of a general intellectual capacity (the g factor), a set of 8 broad abilities, and a third stratum that would include more specific intellectual aptitudes and dependent on one of the previous ones.