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3100 BCE
Early Civilizations
-The invention of writing came due to the rise of trade, government, and formal religion.
-The school appeared because firsthand experience in everyday living could not teach such skills as writing and reading.
-Teachers appeared.
-The method of learning was memorization, and the motivation was the fear of physical discipline.
-The Jews established elementary schools where boys from about 6 to 13 years of age probably learned rudimentary mathematics and certainly learned reading and writing. -
800 BCE
Ancient Greece
-The goal of education in the Greek city-states was to prepare the child for adult activities as a citizen.
-The goal of education in Sparta was to produce soldier-citizens, boys and girls but just boys were obligated to leave home at 7 years old, at 18 both learned the arts of war.
-Athens' education was to produce citizens trained in the arts of both peace and war, boys at age of 6-7 attended elementary school but part of their training was gymnastic, they also learned Literature. -
756 BCE
Ancient Rome
-Rome conquered Greece.
-Education took place at home.
-Parents sent children to the Elementary School at age of 6-7, where they studied reading, writing, and counting.
-At age 13 they studied grammar and literature.
-The goal of Roman education was to produce a good citizen, "Effective speaker."
-Latin continued to be the language spoken in commerce, education, etc. -
801
The Middle Ages
-It was influenced by the church.
-Students learned mathematics, calculating religious festivals, and practiced singing as a church service.
-At age of 7 years old, became an integral part of the adult world.
-Like the Romans scholars took over the content of Greek education. Education of woman was no longer ignore.
-It had a rise of universities, teaching grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. -
1301
The Renaissance
-Began in Italy and spread to northern European.
-Education had to develop man's intellectual, spiritual, and physical powers for the enrichment of life.
-To the seven liberal arts, the humanists added history, physical games, and exercises.
-School served children from age six. -
1500
The Reformation
-The religious conflicts that dominated men's thoughts also dominated the humanistic, curriculum of protestants secondary schools.
-Protestant emphasized the need for universal education and established elementary schools in Germany where the children of the poor could learn reading, writing, and religion. -
Colonial America
-Most poor children learned through apprenticeship and had no formal schooling at all.
-Those who did go to elementary school were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion.
-Learning consisted of memorizing, which was stimulated by whipping.
-The secondary school, attended by the wealthier children, was, as in most of Europe, the Latin grammar school.
-The teachers were no better prepared, and perhaps less so, than the teachers in Europe. -
17th and 18th Century Europe
-Teachers were incompetent and the discipline cruel.
-The learning methods were drill and memorization of words.
-Latin has ceased to be the language of commerce or the exclusive language of religion.
-One of the educational pioneers was Comenius, and Locke (philosopher).
-The 18th century- the man was Rousseau, "The child is innately good and the aim of education should be the natural development of the learner". -
19th Century Europe
-Montessori, " Children must be independent of other people as possible."
-Like Froebel, she believed in the value of self- activity, sense training through the handling of physical objects, and the importance of the child's growth as an individual. -
19th Century United States
-America came into its own educationally, free schools for all children, which began with elementary school.
-Later, the original purpose of high school was to allow all children to extend and enrich their common-education.
-The high school also became a preparation for collage.
-"Female academics" established by Emma Willard and Catherine Beecher.
-People still believed that the mind could be "Trained" but they now thought that science could do a better job.
