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The Common School
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National History and American Pride
Eliminate brittish texts.
Focus on Patriotism and the founding fathers. -
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Jefferson's Bill
Drafted a proposal-- 3 years of education for all childrem. Boys would be able to continue on at University. Girls would continue on in marriage and child bearing/rearing. Blacks and slaves were not counted.
Did not pass. Americans were resistant to taxes after the revolutionary war -
Jefferson's Contribution
The survival of democracy meant educating all Americans -
Blue Backed Speller
Noah Webster--read, spell and pronounce -
University of Virginia
Founded by Thomas Jefferson. State-supported Education at the university level. -
Catherine Beecher
Opened Hartford Female Seminary
-encourgaed women to be teachers -
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Changes in State-wide School System in Massachusetts
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Westward movement
Women, encourgaed by Beecher, moved west. They faced hardships--poor conditions, wilderness, and uneducated adult population -
Horace Mann and the "Common Schools"
Schools varied widely. They were supprted by taxes, but the wealthy were able to stay at school longer. Mann visited schools over a six year time period and reported the conditions.
Mann Promoted a new system--"Common Schools."
-common body of knowledge
-ALL children-rich or poor
-funded by tax dollars -
$2.81 per year per student for cost of attendence
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Mann's Standardized Education
Chairs with Backs
Black Boards
Text Books -
Philadelphia Bible Riot
13 dead, church burned to the ground
Conflict over religion in school.
-Protestant vs. Catholic (mostly)
Beginning of the seperation of church and state in the Public school system -
$4.80 per pupil per year for cost of attendance
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Roberts V. Boston
Sarah Roberts. Her father sued the City of Boston for not allowing her to go the school of choice (better school, white school). Lost the case. -
abolishment of segregated schools in Boston
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End of Civil War
4 million freed slaves are able to go to school -
1870
Cost of School Expenditures--$63 million
Enrollment--7.6 million -
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Education increases
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Urbanization
22 Million Immigrants came to America. 3 Milion were children. Schools were crowded, dangerous, cold, and dismal -
1890
Cost of School Expeditures--$141 million
Enrollment--12.7 million -
50% of Children in School
Average Schooling was 5 years -
Graduation Rate
6% of 17 years old -
Gary Schools (progressive Ed)
Gary, Indiana- A steel mill was built and a town sprang-up over night. A population flood caused a need for big school buildings. Schols had many classes and promoted active learning, provided various subjects. The students helped run the school. Gary schools went beyond the 3R's, they looked into health, sanitation, social skills -
Child Labor
2 million children were working, not in school. -
Spread of Gary School System
Gary Schols spread to NY. Was crticized for preparing children to work in a factory.
John Highland ran for mayor of NY. He was against Gary Schools. He won. -
WWI
FDR supported English only in schools. This was conidered patriotic. German textbooks were destroyed and American heros were celebrated in nw textbooks. -
Public School Expenditures
$1 Billion per year. 17% of 17 year olds were graduating High School.
Since the turn of the century, one shool was opened per day in the U.S. -
Tests
In 1920 i million children were tested on their aptitude, not their achievement. -
Elwood P. Cubberley
Head of the Dept. of Education at Stanford U. He trainededuators in the science of school management. Focus was on career tracking. "smart" students were college bound and "dumb" kids had industrial education. Classes wereseperated according to future career opportunities. Going to school = getting a job. -
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Standardized testing
IQ TESTS! -
IQ test increase
As a result of the Great Depression, child labor was banned, and school attendance until the age of 16 was mandatory. Schols became more populated and tests were increasingly used to track students.
A major roblem itht his was tha children were tested at age five and some students did nor speak English until gong to school. In LA Mexian American students were classified as "slow" or "mentally retarded" based on IQ tests. As a result they were held back. -
Indian Reorganization Act
Native American Boarding Schools were dominated by industrial training. Banning indeigenous languages, practices, and values was a way to prepare them for the labor market.
Assimilation. -
Graduation Rate
45% of 17 year olds -
Life Adjustment Ed
Post-WWII. Made school relevant to daily lives. This included lessons on family life, hygiene, healt, social skills, and how to date. -
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Cold War
During the Cold War progressive education was attcked as unAmerican -
Minority Stats
African Americans with Diplomas 13.7%
Women with medical or law degrees .095% -
Brown v. Board of Education
In 1950 the NAACP advised 13 African American parents to enroll thier children in white schools. Each was turned away.
Thurgood Marshall, lawyer, eventually a judge, fought for desegragation, and took on the landmark case Brown V. Board of Education.
May 17, 1954, Unanimous Supreme Court decision, "seperate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
While students were desegregated, teachers were not. Over the next two decades 30,000 African American teachers were displaced. -
Little Rock, AR
The South continiued to defy the Supreme Courts decision of desegregation. The governor of Arkansas, OrvilnFaubus called in the National Guard to keep African American students from attending Central High School. Answering back, Pres. Eisenhower sent Federal troops to force integration. -
National Defense Education Act
P. Eisenhower enacted NDEA which gave $1 million in federal dollars to aid public education. This changed schools dramatically in that American Education was campared to Russian education
Sputnik - Because the Russians were the first to launch a satelite into space Americans felt the need to focus more on math and science courses, with a focus on engineering and astronaut training, in order to compete with the Russians. -
Importance of Diploma
A diploma became not a luxury, but a necessity. -
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Mexian American Education
In the South West most Mxican Americans did not make it to High School. Those that did were discouraged from college.
75% dropped out by the 8th grade.
Schools were run by Anglo-Americans
Spanish was banned in schools. -
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Dr. Julian Nava
He led a fight to ban all IQ tests in California -
Lack of Integration
A decade after Brown V. Board of Education 98% of AFrican Americans were attending all black schools. Desegrgation was not being enforced. -
Civil Rights Act
Banned descrimination in federally funded facilities. In addition, school districts could lose funding if they did not comply with the Act. -
Elementary and Education Act
$4 billion to aid disadvantaged students -
Bilingual Education Act
Provided funds for students whose first language was not English. -
Crystal City Walk-Out
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Jose Angel Guiterrez
Led by Guiterrez, Mexican Americans gained 4 of the 7 school board seats in Crystal City, TX.
Schools were transformed-- Spanish was spoken freely, Spanish culture was celebrated, Spanish herite was taught in class.
170 Mexican Americanes who had previusly dropped out of school returned to class. -
8 Years after Civil Rights Act
81% of black students atended integratd schools -
Womens Civil Rights
1970 only 1% of medical and law degrees were earned by women, and only 7.4% of high school athletes were women.
Title IX- (1972) - equires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that receives federal funding.
prohibited federal grants to schools who descriminated based on gender. -
Choice Experiment
East Harlem Schools within a school -
African Americans with Diplomas
51.4% -
Minority Stats
African Americans with diplomas 51.4%
Women with medical and law degrees 30% -
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School in the '80's and '90's
In the 1980's. almost entire school-age population was enrolled in school. 85% of them graduated. A push fo higher standards had the greatest impact on schools nationwide. Testing was enforced to ensure high standards were being met. Core Knowledge Schools
-Equal opportunity
-teacher-centerd
-Students expected to master the same material at the same time. Progressive Schools
-critical thinking
-different opinions encouraged '80's and '90's -- school was based on a business driven world -
A Nation at Risk, Pres. Reagan
Higher standards, More homework, Longer school days. The push for higher education standards led to more TESTING! -
Higher Graduation Requirements
High Grad Requirements in 35 states.
Cost of standardized testing was $500 million a year -
East Harlem
Choice experiment began in 1974, by 1987 East Harlem was out-performing 1/2 of the schools in its district -
Vouchers
Milwaukee passed the first Voucher Legislation -
Choice
New York parents were given a choice in which schools to enroll thier children -
Privatization of public schools
Teseract -- EAI managed public schools Problems: Cut SPED unding in half, Cut art/music programs -
No More Privatizing Public Schools!
Test scores did not change.
The quality of education that was promised was not delivered. -
Vouchers
Cleveland becomes the first to use vouchers in religious schools -
Charter Schools
EAI ran charter schools in Arizona.
Congress approved $80 million to support charter schools -
Vouchers
Milwaukee also uses vouchers for religious schools -
Columbine High School Shooting
200 Shooing deaths occured in the U.S. in the 1990's -
Home School
Home Schools become leagal in all 50 states -
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STATS
Charter Schools Run by For-Profit Companies: 173 Regular Public Schools: 90,000 Charter Schools: 2100 -
No Child Left Behind
G.W. Bush, Children tested every year in reading and math -
government class
