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T. Newcomen's Steam engine
The Newcomen engine, or atmospheric steam engine, was invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen, advised by the physicist Robert Hooke and the mechanic John Calley. This machine was an improvement over Thomas Savery's machine. -
John Kay's flying shuttle
He was seeking for a new kind of shuttle that would speed up the relatively slow pace of hand weaving. The role of the shuttle is to insert the weft between the warp threads on the loom. -
James Hargreaves' spinning jenny
The spinning jenny was a machine used for spinning wool or cotton. English inventor James Hargreaves created it about 1767 and patented it in 1770. The spinning jenny helped to usher in the Industrial Revolution in the textile industry. -
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Military and financial aid for USA
The declaration of independence of the USA and its constitution defended the inalieable right of the citizenes, separation of powers, equally and freedom of all the individuals and right to choose a goverment. And France financed the American Revolution and they were ruined. -
James Watt's Steam engine
Watt's steam engine, also known as the Boulton and Watt steam engine, was the first practical steam engine, becoming one of the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadically between 1763 and 1775, with the support of Matthew Boulton. -
Richard Arkwright's water mill
Water frame developed by Richard Arkwright in 1775. Installed in water powered factories, the machine could spin large quantities of cotton yarn. Its operation relied on a supply of raw cotton grown by enslaved people. -
Luddites opposed mechanization in textile industry
The original Luddites were British weavers and textile workers who objected to the increased use of mechanized looms and knitting frames. Most were trained artisans who had spent years learning their craft, and they feared that unskilled machine operators were robbing them of their livelihood. -
S. Crompon's spinning mule
The spinning mule was a machine invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779. The machine made it easier to produce cotton yarn and thread. The spinning mule allowed one person to work more than 1,000 spindles at the same time. The machine not only made production faster, but it also produced a higher-quality yarn. -
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Economic and Financial crisis
The main causes of the economcal crisis are related to bad harvests, rise in prices, lack of money... -
The Tennis Court Oath
Representatives of the 3rd estate met in the Tennis Court and proclamed themseleves the National Assembly. They swore to be assambled to write a constitution for french men. The Assambly was Supported by people in Paris. -
Enlightment
The burgeoisie took the enlightenment prinples to defeat the absolutism and the Estates of the realm. New forms to organize the society and the goverment With the french revolution. -
Estates General and votes per estate
Each Estate in the Estates General received one vote as a whole group. The First and Second Estates often agreed on issues and would out-vote the Third Estate, two to one. -
Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen.
The national Convention Assembly made some legal reform: feudal rights were abolizhed (pesantry) and teh Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen. -
The great fear
The Great Fear (French: la Grande Peur) was a wave of panic that swept the French countryside in late July and early August 1789. Fearful of plots by aristocrats to undermine the budding French Revolution (1789-1799), peasants and townspeople mobilized, attacking manorial houses. -
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Phases of the french revolution
The main threat for the Revolution was that the king and privileged classes did not acept the changes proposed by the National Assembly for a great social equality. -
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Constitutional monarchy
Moderate bourgeoisie proporsals: end of the Ancient Regime, a parlament by census suffrage and a constitution. -
The storming of the Bastille.
On July 14, 1789, fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France's newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege the Bastille, an old fortress that had been used since 1659 as a state prison. -
The flight to Varenes
The royal family with some servants tried to escape. They made it as far as Varenes, near the northern borde, were they were recogniser and takein to Paris. -
Constitution
Constitutional monarchy, popular sovereignty, separation of powers limited male suffrage (men with certain wealth, in a census) -
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Legislative Assambly
New constitution: end of privileges, guilds...
The members sat aqcording to their idealogy.
The king had the right of vote.
The National Guard was created to defend the Revolution.
The Austrians and the aristocracy were a real threat.
The solve the financial problem: church properties were sold.
Civil Constitution: established the separation Church-state. Worried about the actions of the National Assembly. the king and the queen, looked for help outside, specially in Austria. -
Preventive war
France declared preventive war on Austria that invaded France -
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Social Republic
Radical bourgeoisie (sopported by popular classes), republic, more equality (universal male suffrage + social laws) -
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The Terror
Under the jacobins control, the gouvernment imposed a dictatorship to finis with conspiracies. Some social laws ere introduced. They tried to control the prices, specially the foods. Land owned by the church were sold. Primary education became conpolsory and free. The final act of the Directory: The conspiration against Robespierre. He and some other jacobins were executed. -
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Jacobin Convention
Was the most extermist period. It was written a new constitution that recognised a universal male sufrage. The executive power was applied by the Committee of public safety led by Maximiliane Robespierre. Citizens were forced to join the Army by mass cospiration. -
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The Girondin Convention
The National Convention voted to abloish the monarchy and make France a republic. The radical Jacobins demanded that Louis should be judged for treason. It was proved that Louis was plotting with foreign troops to crush the revolution. European monarchies joined in a coalition to attack France. The royalists prepared some counter-revolutionary plots to finish with the revolution and recover their privilegies. -
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The social republic
Some nations disliked the spread of Revolution (mainly Austria anad Prussia) Known events the common people (sans-culottes) attacked the Tuileries Palace and took the royal family. The Republic was declared New assembly is presented, elected by universal male suffrage: the National Convention -
The execution of the king (Louis XVI)
King Louis XVI was sentenced to death by guillotine by the revolutionary government of the Convention, on January 21, 1793, declared guilty of "conspiracy against public liberty and attack on national security." -
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Conservative Republic (the Directory)
New moderated liberalism (moderated bourgeoisie - Napoleon) -
Constitution
A new goverment, of more moderate burgeoisie: the Directory. It included an elected legislative and a executive branch with five directors, to avoid dictatorship. The constitution restricted the right to vote to men who could read and who owned a certain amount of property: Census Suffrage. -
Coup d'etat
On November 10, 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte carried out a coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire that ended the Directory, the last form of government of the French Revolution, and he became the First Consul. -
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The consulate
It was the institution of government in France after the fall of the Directory until the beginning of the Napoleonic Empire. The Napoleonic Code: It is the current civil code of France. It was established on March 21, 1804, and is still in force, with subsequent modifications. -
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Napoleonic Period
The First French Empire, also known as the Empire or Napoleonic France, was the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte following the dissolution of the First French Republic in 1804. -
Napoleon becomes first consul of France
Bonaparte instituted several important reforms, including the centralization of departmental administration, higher education, a new tax code, a central bank, new laws, and a system of roads and sewers. -
Napoleon Bonaparte's coronation
The coronation was a sacred ceremony held to legitimize Napoleon's reign and marked the birth of the first French empire (1804-1814; 1815) and established the imperial Bonaparte dynasty. The coronation took place with the significant assistance of Pope Pius VII -
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Empire
The Napoleonic Empire was an imperial state created by the French soldier Napoleon Bonaparte, who in 1804 had himself crowned Emperor of the French. That coronation led to war with several European states, especially Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia, who wanted to prevent French expansion. -
The battle of Austerlitz
The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, pitted a French army led by Emperor Napoleon I against the combined Russian-Austrian forces of Russian Tsar Alexander I and Austrian Emperor Francis I on December 2, 1805. in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. It was one of Napoleon's greatest victories, as the First French Empire definitively crushed the Third Coalition after almost nine hours of difficult combat. -
R. Fulton's steamboat
He and Robert R. Livingston built the first commercially successful steamboat, North River Steamboat (later known as Clermont). -
Russian campain
It was a turning point in the course of the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign reduced the French and Allied invasion forces to less than twenty percent of their initial capacity. The role of this episode in Russian culture can be seen in Tolstoy's work War and Peace, and in the identification that the Soviet Union made between it and Operation Barbarossa from June 22, 1941 to December 5 of that same year. -
Stephenson's steam locomotive
A travelling engine designed for hauling coal on the Killingworth wagonway named Blücher after the Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (It was suggested the name sprang from Blücher's rapid march of his army in support of Wellington at Waterloo). -
Waterloo battle
On June 18, 1815, the French army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the British and Prussian armies in the War of Waterloo. The defeat ended the 23-year war between France and the European allied states. -
Beginning of the Transcontinental Railroad
On May 10, 1869, Leland Stanford tapped the ceremonial Gold Spike into a pre-drilled hole to link the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads, creating the First Transcontinental Railroad -
Edison's light bulb
At his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison had built his first high resistance, incandescent electric light. -
First Skyscraper
William LeBaron Jenney, a Chicago architect, designed the first skyscraper in 1884. Nine stories high, the Home Life Insurance Building was the first structure whose entire weight, including the exterior walls, was supported on an iron frame. -
First moving picture
After four years of work, Le Prince assembled three family members and a friend as actors at his house in Leeds, England, and, using a hand-cranked camera, photographed them as they moved in a garden. The result, Fischer declares, was “the first motion picture ever shot in human history.” -
Marconi's radio
Guglielmo Marconi used radio waves to transmit signals over a distance of several kilometers. He developed the technology in subsequent years to achieve greater range. -
Wright brothers' first flight
They made the first controlled, sustained flight of an engine-powered, heavier-than-air aircraft with the Wright Flyer. -
Ford's model T
Henry Ford wanted the Model T to be affordable, simple to operate, and durable. The vehicle was one of the first mass production vehicles, allowing Ford to achieve his aim of manufacturing the universal car. -
Beginning of WW I
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, beginning World War I.