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Period: Oct 12, 1492 to
MODERN HISTORY
The Modern Age is the third of the historical periods into which world history is conventionally divided, between the 15th and 18th centuries. -
JOHN KAY´S FLYING SHUTTLE
The mechanization process of the textile industry began with John Kay's flying shuttle, which increased production speed and was able to weave wider fabrics. -
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FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 18th century and swept across Europe and North America for the next 100 years. It was the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.Its principal causes were mainly the an abundance of resources and raw materials and its consequences were population growth and the triumph of capitalism. -
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ENCLOSURE ACTS
The British Parliament authorized the Enclosure Acts due to rising prices. Closed holdings replaced the open field system. Its positive consequences were the concentration of land ownership, improved agricultural techniques, and market-directed production. It also had negative aspects, as poor farmers who could not lock up land they had to sell their property. -
JAMES WATT´S STEAM ENGINE
It was the first practical steam engine, becoming one of the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadically between 1763 and 1775, with the support of Matthew Boulton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsXpaPSVasQ -
ADAM SMITH PUBLISHES THE WEALTH OF NATIONS
Published in 1776, it is considered the first modern book on economics. Smith exposes his analysis on the origin of the prosperity of countries like England or Holland. It develops economic theories on the division of labor, the market, the currency, the nature of wealth... It was written for middle-educated people in the eighteenth century rather than for specialists and mathematicians. -
INVENTION OF THE POWER LOOM
It was created by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, and it was the last step of the mechanisation of the textile industry, and it increased fabric production and lowered its cost. -
ESTATES-GENERAL MEETING
Was in Versailles in May 1789.The meeting was chaired by the king and made up of representatives of the nobility,clergy and the third estate.However,the third estate representatives decided to leave the meeting when the privileged classes refused to allow them greater representation and insisted on one vote per estate. -
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CONTEMPORANY HISTORY
It includes, if one considers its beginning in the French Revolution, of a total of 231 years, between 1789 and the present. -
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FRENCH REVOLUTION
The French Revolution was a social and political conflict, with various periods of violence, that convulsed France and that faced supporters and opponents of the system known as the Ancien Regime. -
TENNIS COURT OATH
The representatives of the third estate met in a pavillon in Versailles and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly -
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JACOBIN CONVENTION
They approved a new constitution that recognised universal male suffrage and social equality. During this convention, mass levy was organised and the Law of Suspects (every one who was accused of a crime was executed) and the Law of the Maximum were approved. The executive power was held by the Comitee of Public Safety, led by Robespierre. -
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
On the morning of the 14th the town and some dissident soldiers raided Les Invalides to get rifles and went to La Bastille in search of gunpowder. Faced with the refusal of the governor of the fortress, they resorted to artillery to subdue the few defenders and took it, freeing the prisoners and appropriating the weapons. The event was interpreted throughout the country as the fall of a symbol of absolutism and the beginning of a new era -
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF CITIZEN
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, approved by the French National Constituent Assembly on August 26, 1789, is one of many of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution and describes the rights of citizens -
WOMEN´S MARCH ON VERSAILLES
There was a demonstration starting from Paris to Versailles to demand social reforms from the king. The event began among the women in the markets of Paris who, on the morning of October 5, 1789, protested against the high price and shortage of bread and the lack of rights. -
FIRST FRENCH CONSTITUTION
The French Constitution of 1791, the first written constitution in French history, was promulgated by the National Constituent Assembly on September 3, 1789 and accepted by Louis XVI. It contained the reform of the French State, leaving France configured as a constitutional monarchy. -
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CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
The French constitutional monarchy constitutes the first stage of the French Revolution. It ranged between the absolute monarchy of King Louis XVI and the First Republic, and lasted from September 4, 1791 until September 21, 1792. -
STORM OF TUILERIES PALACE
The sans-culottes stormed Tuileries and prisioned the royal family on 10th of August 1792. A republic was declared and the second phase of the Revolution began. -
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GIRONDIN CONVENTION
The National Convention was the main institution of the First French Republic. The convention was an elected assembly of a constituent character that concentrated the executive and legislative powers in France, from September 19, 1792 to October 30, 1795 -
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SOCIAL REPUBLIC
It was the name given to a series of parliamentary and republican regimes that followed one another between September 21, 1792 and May 18, 1804, during the French Revolution. -
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CONSERVATIVE REPUBLIC
It was led by the moderage bourgeoisie. During this republic,
Jacobin laws were cancelled, sufragge was censitary and the executive power was held by the Directory. A new constitution was approved in 1995. -
EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
The execution of Louis XVI, which took place on Monday, January 21, 1793, was one of the most important events of the French Revolution. This execution was carried out in the Plaza de la Revolución (current Plaza de la Concordia), formerly known as Plaza de Luis XV. The National Convention had sentenced the king to death on January 17 in a voice vote at the suggestion of Marat, and in which the death penalty was imposed by 387 votes to 334 votes for life imprisonment or exile. -
WAR OF THE FIRST COALITION
The First Coalition is known as the first coordinated effort of the European monarchies to contain the French Revolution. The war campaigns spread through Western Europe and the Caribbean, turning it into a full-scale war. -
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REIGN OF TERROR
The Reign of Terror was a period of the Jacobin Convention in which, in order to stop conspirators, freedoms were suspended and people opposed to the government were either imprisoned or executed. -
COUP OF 18th BRUMAIRE
In 1799, Napoleon organised a coup (Coup of 18th Brumaire) supported by a large part of the bourgeoisie and started an authoritarian rule. This coup ended the French Revolution. -
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THE CONSULATE
This period started with Napoleon's coup d'état. He was named consul, and he started an authoritarian rule. He wanted to bring back the moderate ideas that had impulsed the French Revolution. A new constitution was drafted, the state was organised into departments run by prefects, state schools (lyceés) were created, the Bank of France was founded and new banknotes were made. The exiles were allowed to return.
In 1803 Napoleon began the conquer of Europe. -
CONSTITUION OF 1800
This constitution was installed during the Consulate and it had a new political system without separation of powers and rights. The liberties were very limited, and in order to control public opinion, censorship was imposed. -
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THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
Napoleon began his conquest of Europe in 1803. After France's victory over Austria and Russia at Austerlitz, in 1806, the French troops seemed unstoppable, so in 1808, the French invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte, one of the emperor's brother, was made king. In 1811, the Napoleonic Empire extended from Germany to Spain. France now controlled most of Europe. The invasion of Russia and the revolt in Spain against the king marked the decline of the Napoleonic Empire. -
NAPOELON CROWNED EMPEROR
On May 18, 1804, a consultative-organic senate conferred on him the title of emperor, under the name of Napoleon I -
INVASION OF SPAIN AND JOSEPH BONAPARTE CROWNED KING
Napoleon Bonaparte installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution after conquered Spain and Portugal -
TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU
The agreement agreed to the joint Franco-Spanish military invasion of Portugal, an ally of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and for this the passage of French troops through Spanish territory was allowed, this was the precedent of the subsequent French invasion of the peninsula Iberian and the Spanish War of Independence. -
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WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
The War of Spanish Independence was a war developed between 1808 and 1814 that pitted the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, whose claim was to install Napoleon's brother, José Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne , after the abdications of Bayonne. -
ABDICATIONS OF BAYONNE
It is the name by which the successive resignations of the kings Carlos IV and his son Fernando VII to the throne of Spain in favor of Napoleon Bonaparte are known. -
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LUDDITE MOVEMENT
Luddism was a movement led by English artisans in the 19th century, who protested between 1811 and 1817 against new machines that destroyed jobs. -
1812 SPANISH CONSTITUTION
It was promulgated by the Spanish General Courts meeting extraordinarily in Cádiz on March 19, 1812. The Constitution of Cádiz of 1812 caused the limitation of the power of the monarchy, the abolition of feudalism, equality between peninsular and Americans and ended the inquisition. -
TREATY OF VALENCAY
By the Treaty of Valençay signed on December 8, 1813, Napoleon recognized Fernando VII as the new king of Spain and the Indies. Almost six years had passed since the events in Bayonne when the Spanish Bourbons abdicated their dynastic rights in favor of the French Emperor. -
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RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM
The restoration started with the Congress of Viena. This congress established the ideological principles of the Restoration, such as the legitimacy of the absolute monarchs and the denial of national sovereignty. In 1815, the Holy Alliance Treaty was signed.It ended with the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. -
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REIGN OF FERDINAND VII
They were about twenty years of reign, almost most of them absolutist overtones, at a time when half of Europe was calling for Liberalism -
MANIFIESTO DE LOS PERSAS
Manifiesto de los Persas was signed by the absolutist representatives of the Cortes, who requested an absolute monarchy. With their support, Ferdinand VII repealed the Constitution of 1812 and the reforms of the Cádiz Cortes. Liberals, who hoped for a constitutional monarchy, were persecuted. Many of them were forced into exile and others were executed. -
CONGRESS OF VIENA
The Congress of Vienna was an international meeting held in the Austrian capital, convened with the aim of reestablishing the borders of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte and reorganizing the political ideologies of the Old Regime. -
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
The Battle of Waterloo was an armed confrontation between Napoleon Bonaparte's French Imperial Army and the Seventh Coalition, which took place on June 18, 1815 in the vicinity of the town of Waterloo, Belgium.Napoleon abdicated after the defeat and was sent into exile on the island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821. -
HOLY ALIANCE TREATY
It was treaty signed by the absolutist monarchs where they promised to unite against any liberal revolution. -
PRONUNCIAMIENTO OF RAFAEL DE DIEGO
Del Riego's insurrection had a fundamental echo in Spain, since it caused a liberal insurrection in Galicia that spread throughout the country: “A crowd surrounded the Royal Palace of Madrid on March 7, and Fernando VII, finding himself cornered, that same night he signed a decree submitting himself to the general will of the people, and three days later he swore in the Cadiz Constitution of 1812 ”. -
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GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire, but they were unhappy because they had to pay high taxes, weren't allowed to participate in state administration and the Turks had another culture and religion.In 1822, The Greeks declared independence in Epidaurus, but it was not recognised by the Turks, and resulted in the beginning of a war.. In 1827, the Greeks defeated the Ottoman Empire. Greece gained its independence in 1830. -
HOLY ALLIANCE INVERTETION:HUNDRED THOUSAND SONS OF SAINT LOUIS
Ferdinand VIl felt intimidated by the liberals and appealed the other European absolute monarchs to defend Spain against them. In 1823, a coalition of European monarchs called the Holy Alliance sent troops that restored absolutism under the command of the Duke of Angoulême -
ABOLISHMENT OF THE COMBINATION ACTS
They were English laws that initially prohibited and later regulated workers' associations and strikes. They were enacted in 1799 and 1800 and made unions illegal. Popular and working-class pressure led Parliament to repeal these laws in 1824. -
STEPHENSON´S STEAM LOCOMOTIVE
Stephenson's Rocket was one of the first steam locomotives. It was built for the Rainhill Trials, organized by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1829 with the aim of choosing the best design to power the new railway, in which it was the winner. It was designed by Robert Stephenson in 1829, and built by the Robert Stephenson and Company. -
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 ended the restoration of absolutism that had begun in 1815 with the Congress of Viena. They presented new liberal and democratic ideal -
REVOLUTION OF 1830
The movement began in France when Charles X, the absolute monarch who succeeded Louis XVIII a few years after the fall of Napoleon, was overthrown in July 1830. Louis Philippe I became the new constitutional monarch. He was called the " Citizen King". -
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BELGIAN REVOLUTION
Belgium was made part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands by the congress of Vienna in 1815.The spread of liberal ideas helped the Belgian Revolution, and Belgium became a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. -
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REIGN OF ISABELLA II
The reign of Isabel II is the period in the contemporary history of Spain between the death of Ferdinand VII in 1833 and the triumph of the Revolution of 1868, which forced the queen to go into exile. -
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FIRST CARLIST WAR
The first Carlist war was a civil war that developed in Spain between 1833 and 1840 between the Carlist, supporters of the Infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón and an absolutist regime, and the Elizabethans or Cristinos, defenders of Isabel II and the regent María Cristina de Borbón, whose government was originally a moderate absolutist and ended up becoming a liberal to gain popular support. -
ZOLLVEREIN
In 1834, Prussia created a customs union, known as Zollverein, that united the majority of Germanic states. -
GRAND NATIONAL CONSOLIDATED TRADES UNION
The Grand National Consolidated Trades Union brought
together different types of workers to defend the right of association, improve wages and regulate child labour. -
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GERMAN UNIFICATION PROCESS
The unification of Germany was a historical process that took place in the second half of the 19th century in Central Europe and that ended with the creation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871, bringing together various previously independent states. -
1837 CONSTITUTION
It was enacted in Spain during the regency of María Cristina de Borbón. The regime that established the Constitution of 1837 was that of a constitutional monarchy. On the one hand, it reinforced the powers of the King, ratifying the powers, already provided for in the Royal Statute, of convocation and dissolution of the camaras, as well as the right of veto. -
1845 CONSTITUTION
This Constitution drastically restricted suffrage and civil liberties among other changes, such as sovereignty shared between the Cortes and the Crown and a reorganisation of State and municipal administration. -
REVOLUTION OF 1848
The French Revolution of 1848 was a popular insurrection that took place in Paris from February 23 to 25, 1848. It forced King Louis Philippe I of France to abdicate and gave way to the Second French Republic. -
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FRENCH SECOND REVOLUTION
In 1848, a popular uprising proclaimed the Second Republic, which adopted a number of democratic measures, such as universal male suffrage, press freedom, abolition of the death penalty and recognition of certain rights. -
INVENTION OF THE BESSEMER CONVERTER
It made it possible to manufacture steel. -
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ITALIAN UNIFICATION PROCESS
In the 1859, the liberal monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia started a unification process. They declared war on Austria and annexed Lombardy. In that moment , a popular uprising led by Garibaldi overthrew the absolute monarchies in central and southern Italy. In 1861, Victor Manuel II of Savoy was proclaimed king of Italy. In 1866, Austria left Venetia, and in 1870, the Papal States were annexed by Italy. The newly unified state established its capital in Rome. -
FIRST INTERNATIONAL
The First International of International Workingmen's Association was created in London at the initiative of Marx in 1864. It was an international organization that aimed to unite a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist groups and unions that were based on the working class and the class struggle. -
KARL MARX PUBLISHED DAS KAPITAL
It brought together all his ideas and the history of the economy, it changed the vision of many people.In it he carries out a critical analysis of capitalism and lays the foundations for a model of socialism. -
START OF THE MONARCHY OF AMADEO I OF SAVOY
His reign in Spain, which lasted just over two years, was marked by political instability. The new Carlist war and the war on Cuba forced his abdication and his return to Italy in 1873, which led to the declaration of the First Spanish Republic -
PROCLAMATION OF THE FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC
The First Republic is called the period from the proclamation of independence in 1844 to the loss of national sovereignty when the annexation to Spain occurs in 1861. -
SECOND INTERNATIONAL
The Second International was an organization of socialist and labor parties, formed on July 14, 1889 at a meeting in Paris in which delegations from twenty countries participated. The Second International continued the work of the First International
