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Progressive Era 1890-1920
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Child Study Movement: 1900-1910
Focused on child development and growth and studied needs and abilities of children -
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World War I
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Franz Cizek 1865-1946 (Europe)
Encouraged creativity, "free expression", and imagination at art schools for children. Considered expression as a therapeutic activity. -
Impact of Education's Progressive Movement: 1920
Impacted art education through experiential learning, problem solving, and collaboration. Moved away from technical skills, and emphasized art as expression. Pushed for development of the “whole child” and growth through self-expression. -
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The Great Depression 1929-1939
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John Dewey & "Art As Experience" 1934
Through major influence on educational reform and art education, Dewey considers art as an experience and a process. Dewey describes parts and requirements of self-expression as the transformation of an act into expression, reflective interpretation, the employment of material as media, inspiration, and the use of emotion. -
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World War II
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Creative Self-Expression Movement: Viktor Lowenfeld
Viktor Lowenfeld establishes the significance of self-expression and creativity, as well as their relative stages of development in his 1957 "Creative and Mental Growth". Lowenfeld pairs self-identification and self-expression as crucial elements to creative growth. Lowenfeld broke down the notion of self-expression in art education as a logical progression through child development and mental growth. -
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Civil Rights Movement
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Aesthetic Education Movement: 1960's
Utilized art as a means of communication. Following Sputnik and a push for math and science in education, all education shifted to teaching heavily based on content. -
DBAE
Discipline based art education emerged in the 1980’s. This movement pushed for art education to focus on art history, art criticism, aesthetics, and art making. This shifted energy away from creativity and self-expression. -
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Introduction to World Wide Web: 1991
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VCAE: 1990's-2000's
Focus and attention in art education has been notably evident in Visual Culture Art Education (VCAE). This shift in art education uses critiques and newer media and technology in the art making process. Curriculum relevant to VCAE centers on concepts and interdisciplinary connections. There is a lack of emphasis on self-expression in art education. -
Studies of Self-Expression in Art Education
Melody & Lanny Milbrandt consider self-expression as a function or type of creativity. They believe self-expression and the search for meaning to engage students in educational experiences that reach various modalities and learning styles. Contrastly, Joseph Armino sees self-expression's presence in art education as abysmal. He believes the biggest mistake and cause for this decline lies in the lack of understanding the psycho-intellectual organization and origin of artistic expression. -
Social Consciousness Movement in Art Education: 1930-1940
Considered art as a form of self-expression and an opportunity to develop civic responsibility.
