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This is seen by many as the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. -
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Inspired by the Scientific Revolution, The Age of Enlightenment challenged thinking in the name of reason. -
Newton published his "Principia Mathematica." -
Locke published his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding." -
Print culture influenced and increased throughout Europe. -
Voltaire was so outspoken he was arrested, imprisoned and ultimately exiled. Published "Letters on the English" where he criticized France. -
Dennis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert oversaw the publication of sixteen volumes, completed in 1772. -
Beccaria published 'On Crimes and Punishments." Beccaria opposed torture and capital punishment. -
Published his "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations." Smith was credited for being the founder of laissez-faire (minimum governmental interference) economics. -
France came to the aid of the colonists and became an official ally through the Treaty of Alliance. -
Louis XVI's poor economic policies, including backing the American Revolution, and lavish spending have France teetering on the brink of bankruptcy. Louis VXI lived in luxury at Versailles , while peasants were in danger of starvation. -
The crisis was so out of hand, the assembly had not been convened since 1614. Once the parties gathered, a whole new set of problems emerged. -
The Third Estate comprised nearly ninety-eight percent of the population of France, but could still be outvoted. The Third Estate began to garner support for equal representation (voting by head and not by status). -
Masses of Parisians, took to the streets, marching to Bastille to secure gunpowder and weapons. This is considered by many as the start of The French Revolutiion. -
Fear intensified with the peasant population, who rioted determined to take back what they saw as rightfully theirs (food supplies and land). After this night, all French citizens were subject to the same laws. -
Declaration declared all men were born free and remain free and equal in rightsand government existed to protect those rights. -
Approximately 7,000 women marched on Versailles demanding more bread. They demanded theat the King return to Paris with them, which he reluctantly did. -
The Constitution established a Constitutional Monarchy. This took much power away from the King. -
War was declared on Austria where it was believed counter-insurgent forces were mobilizing. -
During a ten-month period peasants, nobles, and clergy were executed. These actions were taken to protect the Revolution and silence dissenters. -
During the Reign of Terror, Louis VXI, was condemned to death for high treason and crimes against the state. -
The Convention declared war on Great Britain, Holland, and a month later on Spain -
Months after the execution of her husband, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette was beheaded. -
Executive power would lie in the hands of a five-member Directory, appointed by Parliament. The resistance to the new regime was silenced by Napoleon Bonaparte -
Napoleon abolished the Directory and rose to power. -
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The resulting disaster from a failed invasion of Russia caused Napoleon to be exiled to the island of Elba. -
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Napoleon is defeated and again abdicates power and is exiled to Saint Helena, where he dies in 1821. -
Kagan, D., Frank, A., Turner, F., & Ozment, S. (2013). The western heritage (11th ed., Vol. Combined). Pearson.