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1419
HENRY, KING OF PORTUGAL, FOUNDED THE NAVIGATION SCHOOL
Prince Henry is also remembered for an important contribution to the fate of Portuguese exploration: Around 1418, he opened the first school for oceanic navigation. -
1436
THE INVENTION OF GUTENBER’S PRINTING PRESS
German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg is credited with inventing the printing press around 1436, although he was far from the first to automate the book-printing process. -
May 29, 1453
THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLA
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Oct 12, 1492
THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
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Jun 7, 1494
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL SING THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a compromise signed in the town of Tordesillas. -
Oct 31, 1517
MARTIN LUTHER BEGINS THE REFORMATION WITTENBERG
Martin Luther, a teacher and a monk, published a document he called Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, or 95 Theses. The document was a series of 95 ideas about Christianity that he invited people to debate with him. -
Nov 30, 1517
MARTIN LUTHER POSTS THE 95 THESES
In his theses, Luther condemned the excesses and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church, especially the papal practice of asking payment for the forgiveness of sins. -
1521
CORTES CONQUERS AZTEC EMPIRE
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire is also known as the Conquest of Mexico or the Spanish-Aztec War. -
Jan 3, 1521
POPE EXCOMMUNICATED LUTHER
On January 3, 1521, Pope Leo X issues the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem, which excommunicates Martin Luther from the Catholic Church. -
Feb 10, 1521
PONCE DE LEON DISCOVERS FLORIDA
Juan Ponce de León y Figueroa Adelante, was a Spanish explorer and conqueror, first ruler of Puerto Rico and discoverer of Florida. -
May 23, 1533
HENRY VIII SEEKS TO ANNUL HIS MARRIAGE TO CATHERINE OF ARAGON
Driven by lust, Henry sought to seek an annulment from his first wife Catherine, who was now in her 40s and past the age of bearing children, so that he could marry Anne. -
Aug 29, 1533
PIZARRO CONQUERS INCA EMPIRE
It is known as the conquest of Peru or transitional period to the historical process developed in the sixteenth century that begins with the fall of the Inca Empire. -
1534
ENGLISH KING, HENRY VIII. STARTS THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND
By 1536, Henry had broken with Rome, seized assets of the Catholic Church in England and Wales and declared the Church of England as the established church with himself as its head. -
1534
PARLIAMENT APPROVES THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH (ACT OF SUPREMACY)
In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome. -
1534
IGNATIUS LOYOLA FOUNDS THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (JESUITS)
The Jesuit movement was founded by Ignatius de Loyola, a Spanish soldier turned priest, in August 1534. -
1536
JOHN CALVIN PUBLISHES THE INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION
The Institution of the Christian Religion is a theological treatise written by John Calvin. It was first published in Latin in 1536, and then translated into French by himself in 1541. -
May 23, 1537
POPE PAUL III BEGINS THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
In May 1536 Pope Paul published a bull of convocation for his proposed council to be held in Mantua. -
1540
CORONADO DISCOVERS ARIZONA, TEXAS, KANSAS AND NEW MEXIKO
He was serving as governor of an important province in New Spain when he heard about the Seven Golden Cities. -
1545
COUNCIL OF TRENTO MANDATES REFORMS IN CATHOLIC CHURCH
The Council of Trent was the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation. -
Sep 25, 1555
PEACE OF AUGSBURG RECOGNIZES THE LUTHER CHURCH
THE LUTHERAN CHURCH: Peace of Augsburg, first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany, promulgated on September 25, 1555. -
THOMAS NEWCOMEN
The naturally aspirated engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 and is often referred to as the Newcomen fire engine or simply as a Newcomen engine. -
SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
The Seven Years' War was a series of international conflicts between early 1756 and late 1763 to establish control over Silesia and for colonial supremacy in North America and India. -
JAMES HARGREAVES
James Hargreaves, Hargreaves también deletreado Hargraves, (bautizado el 8 de enero de 1721, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, Inglaterra-murió el 22 de abril de 1778, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire), inventor inglés de la hiladora, primera aplicación práctica del hilado múltiple por una máquina. -
JAMES WATT
James Watt (30 de enero de 1736-25 de agosto de 1819) fue un inventor, ingeniero mecánico y químico escocés cuya máquina de vapor, patentada en 1769, aumentó considerablemente la eficacia y el alcance de la primera máquina de vapor atmosférico introducida por Thomas Newcomen en 1712. -
ABRAHAM DARBY
Sand casting is a metal casting process characterized by the use of sand as the mold material. Sand castings are produced in specialized workshops called foundries. More than 70% of all metal castings are produced using this technique. -
BOSTON TEA PARTY
The Tea Mutiny took place on 16 December 1773 in Boston, Massachusetts, in which three cargoes of tea were thrown into the sea. A group of colonists disguised as Amerindians threw the tea cargo of three British ships into the sea. -
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
The First Continental Congress was a body of representatives elected by the legislative bodies of the American colonies of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1774, except Georgia. -
SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
The Second Continental Congress was a late 18th century gathering of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies who united in support of the American Revolutionary War. -
BATTLE OF CONFORD AND LEXINGTON
For the American Civil War Battle of Lexington, see Battle of Lexington The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first engagements of the American Revolutionary War. -
USA DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America is a document drafted by the Second Continental Congress - at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. -
GEORGE WASHINGTON CROSSES THE DELAWARE
Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil on canvas by the German-American painter Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze. It is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA. -
SARATOGA BATTLE
The Battle of Saratoga was one of the most important battles fought during the course of the American Revolutionary War. Its outcome played a major role in deciding the final outcome of the war in favour of the Continental Army. -
FRENCH TREATY OF ALLIANCE
The American Colonies and France signed this military treaty on February 6, 1778. It formalized France's financial and military support of the revolutionary government in America. -
SAMUEL CROMPTON
He modified Arkwright's hydraulic spinning machine with elements of Hargreaves' jenny spinning machine, from which emerged the spinning machine known as the mule-jenny (1779), which played a leading role in the mechanization of the English and European textile industry. -
BRITISH SURRENDERED IN YORKTOWN
On October 19, 1781, British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army of some 8,000 men to General George Washington at Yorktown, giving up any chance of winning the Revolutionary War. -
HENRY CORT
Henry Cort discovered the puddling process for making wrought iron. The puddling process converted pig iron into wrought iron by subjecting it to heat and stirring it in a furnace, without using charcoal. -
EDMUND CRATWRIGHT
Inspired by what he saw, he designed a power loom that was faster and more efficient than existing ones. The machine was patented in 1785, although design flaws made it virtually unusable. -
LOUIS XVI CALLS THE ESTATES GENERAL
The political and financial situation in France had grown rather bleak, forcing Louis XVI to summon the Estates General. -
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
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TENNIS COURT OATH
While King Louis, not amused, locked them out of their meeting hall, they gathered on a tennis court meant for use by the Versailles Palace and took the aptly named Tennis Court Oath: that they would not stop meeting until France had a constitution. -
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
On 14 July 1789, a state prison on the east side of Paris, known as the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob. -
LOUIS XVI AND MARIE ANTOINETTE CAPTURED AT VARENNES
The king and his family were eventually arrested in the town of Varennes, 31 miles from their ultimate destination, the heavily fortified royalist citadel of Montmédy. -
Eli Whitney
In April 1793, Whitney invented a ginning machine that consisted of wires that entered through slots and hooked into the cotton fiber and pulled it back, free of the seeds. Each of these mechanical devices could produce 25 kilos of clean cotton per day. -
EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
Louis XVI, king of France, was publicly executed on 21 January 1793 during the French Revolution at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. -
NICOLAS APPERT
It was a Frenchman, Nicolas Appert, a confectioner by trade, who around 1795 devised a preservation process that was as simple as it was effective. It consisted of placing food in a hermetically sealed glass jar and boiling it for a certain period of time. -
COUP D’ ETAT OF BRUMAIRE
Coup of 18–19 Brumaire, (November 9–10, 1799), coup d'état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
RICHARD TREVITHICK
Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive, 25 years before George Stephenson's engine. The locomotive had a single cylinder, had a flywheel and the transmission of power to the wheels was by gears. -
NAPOLEON CROWNED AS EMPEROR
Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French on Sunday, December 2, 1804 (11 Frimaire, Year XIII according to the French Republican calendar), at Notre-Dame de Paris in Paris. It marked "the instantiation of [the] modern empire" and was a "transparently masterminded piece of modern propaganda". -
VICTORY OF AUSTERLITZ
The decisive attacks on the Allied center by St. Hilaire and Vandamme split the Allied army in two and left the French in a golden tactical position to win the battle. -
R. FULTON
In 1807, with his steam-powered ship Clermont, he made a 400-kilometer crossing of the Hudson River from New York to Albany. Although he was not the inventor of steam navigation, Fulton gave it the definitive impulse by making it functional and economically viable. -
BEGINNING OF THE SPANISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
The Spanish War of Independence started in Spain with the Dos de Mayo Uprising on 2 May 1808 in Madrid and spread across the country. -
BATTLE OF BAILEN
The Battle of Bailén was fought in 1808 between the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by General Francisco Javier Castaños and the Imperial French Army. -
LUDDITE REBELLION IN GREAT BRITAIN
La reforma política en la Gran Bretaña del siglo XIX. Los disturbios que sacudieron las industrias de la lana y el algodón fueron conocidos como "disturbios luditas". Los luditas tomaron su nombre del "General Ned Ludd" o "Rey Ludd", una figura mítica que vivía en el bosque de Sherwood y supuestamente lideraba el movimiento. -
BATTLE OF NATIONS (LEIPZIG)
The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. -
EXILE OF NAPOLEON IN ELBA
French Emperor Napoleon was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication following the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), and he arrived at Portoferraio on 30 May 1814. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of 600 men. -
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armies. -
NAPOLEON’S DEATH AT ST. HELENA
Napoleon died on St. Helena on 5 May 1821 at the age of 51. He was buried on the island until 1840 when his body was transferred for reburial in Paris where his body rests today Les Invalides in Paris. -
GEORGE STEPHENSON
In this format, visitors will be able to appreciate the first steam locomotive, built by the English engineer Richard Trevithick in 1803, and the Rocket, manufactured in 1829 by George Stephenson. -
MICHAEL FARADAY
Faraday's great discovery came in 1831 when he proved that an electric current can be generated when a magnetic field is modified. Faraday was inspired by the findings of Oersted in 1820, who showed how the passage of electric current through a conductor created a magnetic field around it. -
JOHN DEERE
John Deere (February 7, 1804 - May 17, 1886) was an American manufacturer who founded Deere & Company, one of the world's leading brands of construction and agricultural equipment. -
SAMUEL MORSE
After financing a 60 km telegraph line, Morse was able to widely demonstrate his invention on May 1, 1844. Morse was able to widely demonstrate his invention on May 1, 1844 with the broadcasting of the news of Senator Henry Clay's nomination as a candidate for the presidency. The message reached from Baltimore to Washington. -
ANTONIO MEUCCI
The telettrofono or telephone was invented in 1854 by the Italian inventor Antonio Meucci. He built it to connect his office to his bedroom so he could talk to his wife, who was bedridden due to an illness. -
HENRY BESSEMER
The engineer and inventor Henry Bessemer revolutionized steel production with an air-based iron decarbonization system. He was able to reduce costs and produce stronger and lighter steel on a large scale. -
FIRST SUBWAY OF THE WORLD IN LONDON
The UK's London Underground was originally opened in 1863 for locomotive trains. In 1890, it became the world's first metro system when electric trains began operating on one of its deep-level tube lines. -
CHARLES TELLIER
In 1868 he began experiments in refrigeration, which resulted ultimately in the refrigerating plant as used on ocean vessels, to preserve meats and other perishable food. -
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL PATENTS THE TELEPHONE THAT HAD BEEN INVENTES BY ANTONIO MEUCCI
Antonio Meucci, 1854, constructed telephone-like devices. Philipp Reis, 1861, constructed the first telephone, today called the Reis telephone. Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. -
THOMAS ALBA EDISON
After devising a commercially viable electric light bulb on October 21, 1879, Edison developed an electric "utility" to compete with the existing gas light utilities. On December 17, 1880, he founded the Edison Illuminating Company, and during the 1880s, he patented a system for electricity distribution. -
KARL BENZ
The Benz Patent-Motorwagen ("Benz patented motor car", translated from German) is an automobile model built by Carl Benz in 1885, considered to be the first vehicle in history designed to be powered by an internal combustion engine. -
WRIGHT BROTHERS
Wilbur and Orville Wright spent four years of research and development to create the first successful powered airplane, the 1903 Wright Flyer. It first flew at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903, with Orville at the controls.