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Period: Oct 12, 1492 to
Modern History
Historical period that starts with the discovery of America , and ends with the French Revolution, -
John Kay’s flying shuttle
Flying shuttle, Machine that represented an important step toward automatic weaving. It was invented by John Kay in 1733. In previous looms, the shuttle was thrown, or passed, through the threads by hand, and wide fabrics required two weavers seated side by side passing the shuttle between them. -
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First Industrial Revolution
The First Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century, following in the wake of James Watt and his steam engine and involve the development of the steel industry and giant corporations -
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Enclosure Acts
The Enclosure Acts were essentially the abolition of the open field system of agriculture which had been the way people farmed in England for centuries. The ownership of all common land, and waste land, that farmers and Lords had, was taken from them. ³ Any right they had over the land was gone. -
James Watt’s steam engine
James Watt FRS FRSE (/ wɒt /; 30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen 's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. -
Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations
On this day in 1776, exactly 240 years ago, the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith finally published his best-known work, An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth Of Nations – the book which Smith himself called his Inquiry but which is known to us today as The Wealth of Nations. It was fifteen years in the making. -
Invention of the power loom
The power loom is a mechanised device used to weave cloth and tapestry. It was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. Edmund Cartwright designed the first power loom in 1784, but it was in the following year that it was built. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Human civil rights document made by the National Constituent Assembly in 1789 in France. It recognises the rights, individual freedoms and equality of all citizens -
Estates-General meeting
With the financial crisis, the banks forced Louis XVI to appoint Jaques Necker as the finance minister. To solve the crisis, Necker decided that Nobility and Clergy should pay taxes. They refused and they demanded that Louis XVI convene the Estates-General, who met in Versailles. The Third Estate wanted to vote per representative, but Nobility and Clergy wanted to vote per state rather than voting per representative -
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French Revolution
The French Revolution was a social and political conflict in France .Its causes were the financial and the social crisis. The Third Estate, inspired by the Revolution of America and the Enlightenment Ideas, , demand the king more rights, more representation and less taxes. -
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Contemporary History
Historical period that starts with the French Revolution and with the Industrial Revolution.It continious in the present -
Tennis Court Oath (Proclamation of the National Assembly)
the Third Estate went to a pavilion in Versailles, the Jeu de Paume room, and as they represented more than the 85 percent of the population, they proclaimed themselves the National Assembly and they promised to draft a constitution. -
Storm of the Bastille
The National Assembly gained more support and the situation got more tense. The king ordered the army to Jaques Necker. The Third Estate, furious about the King's actions, revolted, and stormed the Bastille as it was a symbol of the Feudal Lords and it kept a lot of weapons and gunpowder. They killed the governor -
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Constitutional monarchy
The National Constituent Assembly, formed by moderate bourgeoisie, to establish a parliamentary monarchy. they first approve the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and then they approved the first French constitution. -
Women’s March on Versailles
In October 1789, thousands of women, marched on Versailles and forced the king to abandon his palace to Paris -
First French constitution
It was the first constitution of France made by the National Constituent Assembly in 1791. It was based on the separation of powers, national sovereignty and legal equality. -
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Girondin Convention
During this period, the National Convention was created a new Assembly elected by universal male suffrage. The European absolute monarchies formed a coalition against France -
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Social Republic
On August 10th 1792, the "sans-culottes" stormed the Tuileries Palace and imprisoned the king, declaring a republic in France. The republic was ruled by the moderate bourgeoisie at first but in 1793 the Jacobins take the power. -
War of the First Coalition
War between France, Prussia and Austria. With the first French constitution in 1791,the privileged want to recupere the absolutism then Prussia and Austria help then and fight against French In April 1792 declares war on Austria and Prussia. -
Storm of Tuileries Palace
with the escape of the king the republicans increased. They stormed the Tuileries Palace on August 10th 1792, imprisoned the king and declared the first French Republic. -
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Jacobin Convention
In 1793, the Jacobins seized power and the most radical part of the revolution started, leaded by Maximillien Robespierre. -
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Reign of Terror
This period is characterised by the executions under the Law of Suspects: someone that was a suspect of being counter-revolutionary or even if someone wasn't very convinced about the course that the revolution was taking, he/her would be judged and probably executed. -
Execution of Louis XVI
Louis was accused of treason because the war was approaching and they were afraid of returning to an absolute monarchy. the king was found guilty and executed after a vote between the moderates and the radicals -
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Conservative Republic
In this period the moderate bourgeoisie had the power. There were census suffrage and the Directory had the executive power. The Jacobins laws were abolished The comon people and the aristocracy were against. -
Coup of 18th Brumaire
The Directory was very unstable due to the lack of support of the aristocracy and the common people. Napoleon Bonaparte organized the Coup of 18th Brumaire . -
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The Consulate
The Consulate was the period when Napoleon was consul. A new constitution was enacted and this period ends when the Pope crowned him as emperor . -
Constitution of 1800
n this new constitution there was no separation of powers and the public opinion was censorship also the territory change and it was divided in states. -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
Napoleón wanted to invade Portugal and acous of this the Napoleon's army had to move across Spain. The spanish start revolts against Napoleon. At the end Napoleon neutralizad the spanish revolt but the revolt continue as guerrillas. -
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The Napoleonic Empire
On May 18, 1804, Napoleon was crowned emperor by the Pope, and the Napoleonic Empire started.
Napoleon won lots of wars against the european absolute monarchies like Austria, Prussia or Rusia thanks to his large army and new military tactics. -
Napoleón crowned emperor
Napoleon was crowned emperor by the Pope then the Napoleonic Empire started -
Napoleon crowned emperor
Napoleon was crowned emperor by the Pope at Notre-Dame de Paris, starting the Napoleonic Empire -
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Luddite movement
The Luddite movement began in the vicinity of Nottingham, England, toward the end of 1811 when textile mill workers rioted for the destruction of the new machinery that was slowly replacing them. -
Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance Treaty
Holy Alliance (1815) Agreement signed at the Congress of Vienna by the crowned heads of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Its purpose was to re-establish the principle of hereditary rule and to suppress democratic and nationalist movements, which sprung up in the wake of the French Revolution. -
Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance Treaty
The Congress of Viena was a series of meetings organised by the Austrian Chancellor Metternich. They took place between 1814 and 1815. In these meetings Austria, Prussia, Rusia, Great Britain and France decided how to restore absolutism in Europe and what the new borders would be like.
At these meetings the Holy Alliance Treaty was signed: absolute monarchs (Russia, Prussia and Austria) would unite against any threat of liberal revolution. -
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The Restoration of absolutism
Between 1814 and 1815, the absolute monarchies of Europe (Prussia, Austria and Russia), Great Britain and France met at the Congress of Vienna. The main objectives of these meets were to bring back absolutism to all Europe, have a balance of power (Concert of Europe), to have the right of intervention and to denial national sovereignty.
The four great powers also reshaped the European map to their advantages, leaving France the borders that it had in 1792. -
Battle of Waterloo
In 1805, during the Waterloo campaign, after victories of Quatre-Bras and Ligny, Napoleon lost in Waterloo, in Belgium, against an Anglo-allied army commanded by the Duke of Wellington with reinforcements of the Prussian army commanded by Blücher.
After this battle Napoleon abdicated and he was sent to the island of Saint Heena, where he died in 1821. -
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Greek War of Independence
The Greeks were part of the Ottoman Empire, who had different religion and culture, for centuries, and they had to pay high taxes but they were excluded from state administration jobs. With this situation, they revolutionized against the Ottoman Empire:
First, in 1822 Greeks declared independence, although it wasn't recognized by the Turnks. Five years laters, the Greeks won thanks to French and British military intervention. In 1830 the Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Greece. -
Abolishment of the Combination Acts (1824)
The English Combination Acts forbade workers to organize for the purpose of obtaining higher wages or controlling work-place conditions. The acts were repealed in 1824 as the result of a campaign led by the radical London tailor and political agitator Francis Place and the radical member of Parliament (MP) Joseph Hume. -
Stephenson’s Steam locomotive
Stephenson's engine hauled eight loaded coal wagons weighing thirty tons, at a speed of about four miles an hour. This was the first steam-powered locomotive to run on a railroad as well as the most successful working steam engine that had ever been constructed up to this period. The achievement encouraged the inventor to try further experiments. -
Revolutions of 1830
As the Congress of Viena did not respect the liberal and nationalist principles of some European nations, a revolutionary movement that begun in France spreaded through Europe.
Although it had a significant popular support, most of the revolutions were unsuccessful and continued with Absolutism, for example in Poland. But where they were successful the absolutism was replaced by liberal political systems governed in which bourgeoisie had the power, an example of this occurred in France. -
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The Age of Revolutions
During this time, a series of revolutions against the abolutist regimes stablished by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. First in 1830 and later in 1848. They ended the absolutism imposed in 1815 and represented the democratic ideals and political importance of workers. -
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The Belgian Revolution
In 1815, at the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of the Netherlands was created, unifiying two nations that were separated for a lot of time and had different ideologies and religions: The Kingdom of Holland was protestant and absolutist and Belgium was catholic and liberal.
In 1830, Belgium declared their independence and a war started. It ended nine years later when the Kingdom of Holland recognized the independence of Belgium as a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. -
Zollverein
Zollverein was a customs union created by Prussia in 1834 in which tariffs between all German States except Austria were removed. -
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
The Grand National Consolidated Trades Union of 1834 was an early attempt to form a national union confederation in the United Kingdom. There had been several attempts to form national general unions in the 1820s, culminating with the National Association for the Protection of Labour, established in 1830. -
Revolutions of 1848
In this time, there were lots of people that lived under the rule of an empire (Austrian, Russian and Ottoman) or were fragmented into various states (Germany and Italy), and withh the incresing nationalist feelings and liberalism ideas they revolutionized and made independent nations that were free from the control of absolutist empires. -
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French Second Republic
n February 1848 in France, a popular uprising proclaimed the Second Republic. It adopted a some democratic measures such as universal male suffrage, press freedom, abolition of the death penalty and recognition of certain rights for workers. -
Invention of the Bessemer converter
The Bessemer process - the conversion of iron into steel - was invented and patented by Henry Bessemer in 1856. The egg-shaped converter was tilted down to pour molten pig iron in through the top, then swung back to a vertical position and a blast of air was blown through the base of the converter in a dramatic fiery ‘blow'. -
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Unification of Italy
Italia was divided into several states, one of them, Lombardy-Venetia was annexed by Austria at the Congress of Vienna.
With the increased nationalist feelings in all Europe, in 1859, the liberal monarchy of the Kingdom of Piedomnt decided to start the unification of Italy.
They quickly gained more territories: as Lombardy, Naples...
In 1861 Victor Manuel II was proclaimed king of Italy, five years later Austria left Venetia and in 1870 the Papal states were annexed and Rome became the capital. -
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Unification of Germany
Gernamy was divided into 36 states, associated with the German Confederation, where Prussia and Austria were competing for power.
In 1834, Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein), later in 1848 the first freely elected parliament offered the crown of Germany to the king of Prussia, who refused it. In 1861 King Wilhelm I was crowned king and Otto von Bismark as chancellor.
in 1871, after winning three consecutive wars, the Second German Empire (Reich) was proclaimed with Wilhelm I as Kaiser. -
First International
The First International was founded under the name of International Working Men’s Association at a mass meeting in London on Sept. 28, 1864. Its founders were among the most powerful British and French trade-union leaders of the time. -
Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital
In Das Kapital (1867), Marx proposes that the motivating force of capitalism is in the exploitation of labor, whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of surplus value. -
Second International
The Second International (1889–1916) was an organisation of socialist and labour parties, formed on 14 July 1889 at a Paris meeting in which delegations from twenty countries participated. The Second International continued the work of the dissolved First International, though excluding the powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and trade unions
