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Executive Order 12729 - Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans
In order to advance the development of human potential, to strengthen the capacity to provide quality education, and to increase opportunities for Hispanic Americans to participate in and benefit from Federal programs. -
The Bilingual Education Act (BEA) reauthorization in 1994
The Bilingual Education Act (BEA) reauthorization in 1994 maintained the same tenets as the original BEA, yet additionally introduced new grant categories, set up preference to programs promoting bilingualism, and took into account indigenous languages. Overall, the premise of this addition was to introduce a more systemic reform. -
"Education Excellence for Hispanic Americans"
1994 - President Clinton signed the second commission executive order: "Educational Excellence for Hispanics"
The Commission was oriented to:
*Report the progress of Hispanic Americans toward achievement of the National Education Goals and other standards.
*Oversee the development, monitoring, and coordination of Federal efforts.
*Develop ways to increase State, private sector community involvement in improving education;
*Develop ways to expand and complement Federal education initiatives. -
California Proposition 187
The goal of Proposition 187 was to make illegal aliens ineligible for public benefits. It came in the middle of a deep recession in California and was popular partly because the fiscal estimate from the California Legislative Analyst's Office said that it would save the state about $200 million/year. However, it has never been enforced. -
Proposition 227
Proposition 227 changed the way that "Limited English Proficient" (LEP) students are taught in California. Specifically, it:
▪ Requires California public schools to teach LEP students in special classes that are taught nearly all in English. This provision had the effect of eliminating "bilingual" classes in most cases.
▪ Shortens the time most LEP students stay in special classes. -
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290
• In Santa Fe, Texas, students were elected by their classmates to give pre-game prayers at high school football games over the public address system. A number of students sued, arguing that such solemnizing statements or prayers constituted an endorsement of religion, violating the Establishment Clause. -
Executive Order 13166
• Improve the access of services to people with Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
o Agencies had to identify and develop a plan of action to provide services
• Cannot discriminate people with (LEP) -
President Bush (1995-2000)
President Bush (1995-2000) used his time as governor of Texas 1995 – 2000 to try out many education reforms that he would later advocate for as president, most notably:
▪ Reading
▪ Standardization – instituted standardized testing
▪ Support for accountability – Schools have to show progress
▪ Initiatives on early reading – reading is fundamental
▪ More professional development for teachers
▪ Testing for promotion -
No Child Left Behind NCLB 2001
• Was sent to congress January 23, 2001 for review
o Priority of President George W. Bush’s domestic priority
• Was passed into law January 8, 2002 as a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
No Child Left Behind NCLB 2002- (Amendments to title VII)
• Replace Title VII competitive grant program to grants attainable to states
• Federal Level-provide funding for states to help English Learners meet content standards
o Districts are held accountable for the LEP -
Flores v. State of Arizona
• Case began in 1992
o In 2000 US District ruled against the state, stating that ELLs were not benefiting from funding
o Response Proposition 203 introduced in 2000
• Introduced a “Sheltered English Immersion” (SEI) program to aid ELL
• Only SEI program can be adopted by districts -
Alexander v Sandoval
• Martha Sandoval sues James Alexander, Director of the Alabama Department of Public Safety
o According to Sandoval the English Only test policy for divers license was discriminatory
• Court ruled against Sandoval 4 out of 5 votes
o No person cannot sue the Federal Government under Title IV of the Civil Rights Act
o Sandoval could not prove the discrimination was intentional
o Language is not protected under the Civil Rights Act
Protected: Race, Color and National Origin -
Report Cards: Aug 15, 2002
Starting with the 2002-03 school year, states were required to furnish annual report cards showing a range of information, including student-achievement data broken down by subgroup and information on the performance of school districts. Districts must provide similar report cards showing school-by-school data. -
U.S. Dept. of Education 2003 guidance document
U.S. Dept. of Education 2003 guidance document states “Reading/language arts standards are not the same as English Language Proficency Standards” and “ELP standards should be specifically developed for limited English profcicent students and define progressive levels of competence…” (Teaching English Language Learners, p. 66) -
Reading First: Jan 1, 2004
The act created a new competitive-grant program called Reading First, funded at $1.02 billion in 2004, to help states and districts set up "scientific, research-based" reading programs for children in grades K-3 (with priority given to high-poverty areas). A smaller early-reading program sought to help states better prepare 3- to 5-year-olds in disadvantaged areas to read. The program's funding was later cut drastically by Congress amid budget talks. -
Teacher Qualifications
By the end of the 2005-06 school year, every teacher in core content areas working in a public school had to be "highly qualified" in each subject he or she taught. Under the law, "highly qualified" generally meant that a teacher was certified and demonstrably proficient in his or her subject matter. Beginning with the 2002-03 school year, all new teachers hired with federal Title I money had to be "highly qualified." By the end of the 2005-06 school year, all school paraprofessionals hired with -
The American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009
• more than 90-billion dollars for education improvement (almost half going to local districts for modernization, repair and prevent layoffs) -
Common Core State Standards Initiative
• a state-led effort coordinated by the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) and the Council of Chief State School Officers is launched -
The "great recession"
• 300,000 face lay-offs nationwide due to budget deficits -
2011 C.A.R.E. Guide
C.A.R.E. stands for culture, abilities, resilience, and effort
• improve how we connect with culturally and linguistically diverse students as teachers and integrate those skills into the clasroom -
DREAM Act: Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act
Undocumented Shadows• introduced to Senate on May 11, 2011
• all children, regardless of status
o constitutional right to attend public schools (k-12) -
President Obama's Flexibility on NCLB
No Child Left Behind
• President Obama announces flexibility to some requirements on this act
• Keep standards high to give our children a better education -
Seperation of ELL Students
Los Angeles Schools are moving forward with a plan to separate English language learner students from native speakers in all core elementary school classes. -
First Common Core Withdraw
Withdrawal from common core
• Indiana becomes the first state to withdraw from using the Core Standards
