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Philip Nolan killed during his fourth trip to Texas since 1791 when he resists Spanish efforts to arrest him for spying
In 1801, Philip Nolan met his demise in Texas during his fourth expedition since 1791. Refusing Spanish arrest for alleged spying and unauthorized horse trading, Nolan's fatal encounter near Waco emphasized escalating tensions between Spain and the United States. The incident underscored the struggle for control over contested territories and conflicting interests in the region. (p.104-105) -
Neutral Ground Agreement between Col. Herrera and Gen. Wilkinson averts war between Spain and the United States over Texas
In 1806, the Neutral Ground Agreement, signed by Colonel Herrera of Spain and General Wilkinson of the United States in Natchitoches, averted a potential war over Texas. This accord established a neutral zone between the Sabine River and Arroyo Hondo, temporarily easing tensions and preventing conflicts arising from disputed territories. Effective until 1810, the agreement exemplified diplomatic efforts to maintain peace between the two nations. (p.106-107) -
Father Hidalgo launches revolt against Spanish rule
In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo ignited a revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico, driven by socioeconomic inequality and grievances. On September 16, he rallied peasants in Dolores, proclaiming the "Grito de Dolores." The uprising sought to end colonial oppression, with Hidalgo advocating for independence, land reform, and social justice. Despite initial successes, internal divisions and military setbacks weakened the rebellion. (p. 117) -
Casas Revolt in Texas Fails; Father Hidalgo is executed
In 1811, the Casas Revolt in Texas against Spanish rule failed, while Father Miguel Hidalgo, a leader in the Mexican War of Independence, was executed in Chihuahua. The Texas revolt sought independence and reforms but faltered due to internal issues. Hidalgo's execution on July 30, 1811, weakened the independence movement, though his ideals endured and influenced Mexico's later liberation in 1821. (p.119) -
Texas independence proclaimed; General Arrendondo defeats Republican Army of the North at Battle of Medina
In 1813, Texas boldly declared independence from Spanish rule, prompting the Battle of Medina near San Antonio. Under General Arredondo's command, Spanish forces achieved a decisive victory against the Republican Army of the North, crushing Texan hopes for independence. This pivotal clash solidified Spanish dominance, compelling Texans to endure under Spanish rule until the 19th century, delaying their quest for independence. (p122.) -
Rebels under Father Morelos declare Mexican Independence
In 1813, rebels, led by Father José María Morelos, declared Mexican independence, fueled by discontent with Spanish rule and a pursuit of autonomy. Morelos outlined a constitution emphasizing equal rights. Despite early successes, internal conflicts and external opposition temporarily suppressed the movement. This declaration became a precursor to Mexico's eventual liberation in 1821, marking a significant chapter in the quest for independence. (p. 121) -
Adams-Onis Treaty recognizes Spanish title to Texas; James Long launches first expedition to liberate Texas for the United States
The Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819 recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas. In reaction, James Long launched the initial expedition in the same year, aiming to liberate Texas for the United States. Motivated by American expansionism, Long sought to challenge Spanish authority, marking the early stages of the Texan struggle for independence in a geopolitical context shaped by territorial ambitions and national interests. (p.128.) -
Mexico gains independence from Spain
In 1821, Mexico achieved independence from Spain through the Plan of Iguala. Agustin de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero orchestrated the plan, outlining principles like national unity, equality, and Catholicism. Signed on February 24, 1821, in Iguala, the agreement aimed to end the Mexican War of Independence. It established Mexico as an independent constitutional monarchy, securing freedom from Spanish colonial rule and shaping the nation's early identity. (p.129.) -
Emperor Agustín I abdicates, a federal republic is declared
In 1823, Emperor Agustín I abdicated, triggering the establishment of a federal republic in Mexico. Amidst opposition and instability, he relinquished power on March 19. This marked the end of the monarchy, responding to the desire for democratic governance after the Mexican War of Independence. The move aimed to promote national unity, liberty, and equal representation, shaping Mexico's political landscape. (p.138.) -
Federal Constitution of 1824 takes effect
In 1824, Texas saw the implementation of the Mexican Federal Constitution, effective from October 4. Rooted in post-independence ideals, it emphasized democratic principles, including separation of powers and individual rights. This constitutional shift aimed to provide Texas with stability, autonomy, and representation within the broader Mexican federation, influencing its early political landscape. (p.138)