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Scaffolding Theory: Lev Vygostsky Learning as a cognitive building process
Learning is: cognitive development shaped by individual differences and the influence of culture. Adults(experts) and children (novices) perceive the world differently. The difference betweeen them is the Zone of Proximal Development. Adults support learning through scaffolding, or helping children build on what they already know. -
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Children Development Theory: Jean Piaget Stages of Development
Learning is cognitive growth through neurological and social maturation. children go through stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations) by interacting with their environment. When they confront unkown, they experience disequilibrium; they respond with assimilation (fitting it inot their views) or accomodation (changing their views). -
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Behavior Theory: B.F Skinner Learning as stimulus- response Chains
Learning is : an activity that occurs inside the mind and can be inferred only by observed behaviors. behaviors are shaped by "contingencies of reinforcement" to shape desired responses: positive reinforcement (increases desired behaviors with rewazrds); negative reinforcement (increases desired behaviors by withholding rewards); punishment (decreases undesirable behaviors with averside stimuli) -
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Discovery Learning: Jerome Bruner
Instructional support for child development: Learning is: cognitive growth through interaction with the environment. Children are more likely to understand remember concepts that they discover during their interaction with the environment. teachers support discovery learning by providing opportunities for exploring and manipulating objects and doing experiments. -
First Computer Used for Instruction
Computer-driven flight simulator trains MIT pilots -
Siocial nActivism Theory: John Dewey Learning as Social Experience
Learning is: Individual Growth that comes about through social experiences Growth is fostered through hands-on activities connected to real-world issues and problems. School curriculum should arise from students; interests and be taught as integrated topics, rather than as isolated skills -
First computer used with school children
IBM 650 computer teaches binary arithmetic in NYC -
University time-sharing systems
Faculty/students in universities across the country use maniframe systems for programming and shared utilities. -
Cognitive Behavioral Theory: Robert Gagne Providing Conditions for Learning
Learning is: shaped by providing optimal instructional conditions. Conditions include the nine Events of Instruction that differ according to the type of skill being taught and a skills hierarchy approach that presents simple skills and builds to complex ones. -
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University time-sharing systems
Faculty/students in universities across the country use maniframe systems for programming and shared utilities. -
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Information-Processing Theory: Atkinson and Shiffrin The Mind as Computer
Sensory Register: Short Term Memory: Long Term Memory Learning is: encoding information into human memory, similar to the way a computer stores information. There are three kinds of stores: sensory registers to recieve information; short-term or working memory (STM) to hold it temporarily; and long term-memory (LTM) to sotre information indefinetly. -
Computer- assisted instruction (CAI)movement emerges
Large- scale. federally funded universty projects use maniframe/minicomputer systems with schools, -
Maniframe and minicomputer applications dominate field
Schools begin using computers for instruction and administration CDC President William Norris (1977) announces PLATO will revolutionize instruction -
CAI movement declines; computer literacy movement begins
Arthur Luehrmann coins term computer litercy for skills in programming and using software tools (e.g., word processing) Molnar (1978) warns that non-computer literate students will be educationally disadvantaged -
First microcomputers enter schools
Using desktop systems, classroom teachers begin to take back control of instructional and administrative applications from district data processing offices -
Microcomputer applications spawn movements
Field focuses on software publishing initiatives and teacher authoring software. The computer literacy computers-as-tools approach gives way to logo's computer-based, problem- solving approach. -
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Integrated learning systems (ILS) emerge
Schools begin to see ILS networked systems as cost-effective solutions for instruction to address required standards; marks movement away from stand-alone systems and toward central server with connected computers -
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Multiple intelligence Theories: Howard Gardner
The role of intelligence in learning learning is: shaped by innate intelligences Linguistic- uses language effectively
-musical
-logical mathematica
-spatial
-bodily kinesthetic
-intrapersonal
-interpoersonal
-naturalistic -
Systems Theory and Systematic Instructional Design managing the complexity of teaching
Learning is: fostered by using a system of instruction based on behaviorist information processing, and cognitive behaviorist theories. An instructional system is designed by stating goals and objectives; doing task analysis to set a learning sequence; matching assessment and isntruction to objectives; creating materials; and field testing and revising materials. -
World Wide Web WWW is born
First vowser (MOSAIC) transforms a formerly text-based internet into a combination of text and graphics. Teachers enter the "information Superhighway" -
International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) creates standards
ISTE sponsors creation of National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) to guide technology skills, first for students, then for teachers and administrators -
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Internet use explodes
Online and distance learning increases in higher education. then in K-12 schools -
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Internantional Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)
Issues new, updated standards for teachers students, and administrators