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Brown vs Board of Education
U.S. Supreme Court rules segregation as unconstitutional in all public schools. The decision of Brown shaped future lawsuits that would benefit special education through equality. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Congress enacted this law to help provide disadvantage students equal educational opportunities. ESEA also establishes high standards of education and accountability. -
PARC v. Penn Board Education
PARC also known as, Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children, sued the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The law prohibits denying education to any child with an intellectual disability. -
Mills v. Board of Education
Mills is an expansion of PARC. Children were being denied education because of mental and physical disabilities.The District of Columbia concluded that it was unconstitutional to deny and student an education due to a disability. In addition, the cost of educating a student with a disability is also considered unconstitutional. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Programs that receive federal funding under section 504 can not deny a student with a disability. Schools must provide free appropriate public education (FAPA) such as services that correlate to the students needs. Students qualify under section 504 with having a physical or mental impairment that affects major life activities. The law also states that the severity of the disability does not affect the qualification. -
Education of All Handicapped Children Act
Congress enacted this law to provide all special education students their due processes of law and provide procedural safeguards. The safeguards protect the student and parent's rights, for example, provided all educational services and not be denied education on any level. Moreover, this Act developed the IEP program and would later be known as IDEA in 1990. -
Timothy W v. Rochester School District
Under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Timothy enforced the zero rejection policy. Because of his severe and multiple disabilities, Timothy was said to not profit from special education and therefore was denied educational services. The court favored Timothy and ruled that no child would be denied education based on the severity of their disability. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
ADA protects individuals with disabilities in any form of public life such as jobs, schools, transportation and others. This law provides an equal opportunity to all with disabilities and with out discrimination and is divided into five sections of public life (employment, state and local government, public accommodations, telecommunications, and miscellaneous provisions). -
IDEA Act 1990
IDEA, originally known as Education for All Handicapped Children Act, provides a educational program to help children from birth to age 21. The children can be tested at no cost and are provided all educational services to help the child succeed. -
No Child Left Behind Act
All children are provided a fair and equal high quality education through higher standards and assessments. Parent involvement and accountability are also expectations of this act. In addition, accommodations and modifications are provided for assessments for students with disabilities. -
Every Student Succeeds Act
ESSA replaces the No Child Left Behind Act. ESSA gives the state more freedom to improve education through students who are poor, minors, limited knowledge in English, and special education. In addition, school districts are allowed to introduce new standards, annual testing, academic goals, improve the school, and others.
