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Brown vs Board of Education
A landmark in 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.
(Brown v. Board of Education: Summary, ruling & impact - history 2023) -
PARC vs Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
A class-action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the State Board of Education and several named school districts. The plaintiffs, represented by counsel from the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC), sought declaratory and injunctive relief, claiming that certain state laws denied a free publicly funded education to children with mental disabilities.
(Arocho & Ambrose, 2023) -
Mills vs Board of Education
The US District Court for the District of Columbia held that students with disabilities are entitled to an education, and that education cannot be denied based on the accommodations’ additional cost to the school.
The US that guaranteed the right of students w/ any disability to a public education, regardless of the cost to the school system, and led to comprehensive federal legislation protecting disabled children's right to free public education.(Ross, The Embryo Project Encyclopedia 2023) -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
A national law that protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability. The nondiscrimination requirements of the law apply to employersand organizations that receive financial assistance from any Federal department or agency, including the U.S.
Department ofHealth and Human Services.These organizations and employers include many hospitals,
nursing homes, mental health centers and human service programs.
(Your rights under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act- hhs.gov) -
Education for All Handicap Children Act
Protecting the rights of, meeting the individual needs, & improving the results for children & youth with disabilities and their families. Many children were denied access to education & opportunities to learn. Schools educated only 1 in 5 children w/ disabilities, & many states had laws excluding certain students, including children who were deaf, blind, emotionally disturbed, or had an intellectual disability.
(A history of the individuals with disabilities education act 2023) -
Free Appropriate Education Act (FAPE)
All qualified persons with disabilities within the jurisdiction of a school district are entitled to a free appropriate public education.
All school-age children who are individuals with disabilities as defined by Section 504 and Individual Disability Education Act are entitled to Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE.) (Free appropriate public education under Section 504)(IDEA) -
Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)
A law that makes available a free appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children.
Infants and toddlers, birth through age 2, with disabilities and their families receive early intervention services under IDEA Part C. Children and youth ages 3 through 21 receive special education and related services under IDEA Part B.
(About idea 2022) -
Americans with Disability Act (ADA)
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in several areas, including employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and access to state and local government’ programs and services.
(Americans with disabilities act 2022) -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA)
all public schools receiving IDEIA funding states must supply a free appropriate public education to all students with disabilities in the following categories: autism, orthopedic impairment, emotional disturbance, visual impairment, hearing impairment, specific learning disability, mental retardation, multiple disabilities, deaf-blindness, traumatic brain injury, speech and language impairment and other health impairments.
(IDEIA – Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act) -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
Signed by President Obama on December 10, 2015, and represents good news for our nation’s schools. This bipartisan measure reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national education law and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity for all students.The new law builds on key areas of progress in recent years, made possible by the efforts of educators, communities, parents, and students across the country.
(Every student succeeds act (ESSA) 2015)