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Special Edcuation Major Events and Breakthroughs
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Brown v. Board of Education
Linda Brown, a black student in Kansas was denied entry into a white school. A class action suit against the Board of Education was filed. The casae was that black and white schools were not equal, violating the 14th Amendment's "equal protection clause." The case came before the Supreme Court in 1952. In May 1954, it was ruled that separate but equal has no place and schools were inherently unequal. This overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson, paving the way for educational reform and equality. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
Provides federal funding for primary and secondary education. Was enacted to hold schools accountable and increase the quality of education. Low-income, rural, Native American, migrant, and ESL were the focus. This was meant to close the achievement gap caused by race and poverty. Specific provisions under Title I-VI to gain funding to improve the education in schools were incorporated with VI extending provisions to handicapped, disabled, and other programs. It is now known as NCLB as of 2001. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1966 Amendment
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was amended in 1966 to include children with disabilities. The goal was for the initiation, expansion, and improvement of programs and projects for the education of handicapped children. -
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) sued the Commonwealth of PA for a law denying certain children an education. PARC challenged laws that excluded children with disabilities from attending school and recieving a free education alongside other students. The case was settled in 1972 and it deemed all the former laws unconstitutional, granting free education to all children. Children deemed exceptional were to receive the same level education as their peers. -
Mills v. Board of Education
Filed at Washing DC, the court ruled that students with disabilities were to receive a public education even if they couldn't afford it. All children were to entitled to education appropriate to the capacity of their individual learning. The ruling also established due process procedures, ensuring the equal protection of all students, disabled or not, and obligated the Board of Education to provide an education for all students. -
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
The law protects against discrimination for those people that have disabilities and allows access to programs funded by federal finances. Section 504 extends civil rights to persons with disabilities and allows for reasonable accommodations such as a study area and extra assistance. -
Family Edcuational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
The FEPRA protects the privacy of student records. Parents gain certain rights to the education until the time the child turns 18, at which time the student gains the rights to their own record. -
Public Law 94-142
This law was passed to ensure access to education for students with disabilities is improved. The law incorporated specific ways to improve how children with disabilities would be identified and educated. The law provides due process and protections for families and authorized money to be awarded to states that comply. The law gave support to children with disabilities that had limited access to education and were denied appropriate levels of education. IDEA was soon to follow. -
Hudson Central School District v. Rowley
The Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley was a case that went to the Supreme Court. School sued due to interpreter being taken away from deaf student. The court ruled in favor of school because Amy Rowley was succeeding without the interpreter. The case offered a new interpretation of free appropriate public education. It was clarified that students don't have to have maximum support but enough to receive educational benefits. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
In 1990, IDEA replaced EHA placing more focus on the individual vice their condition or disability. Many improvements were made such as advocation for research and the development of technology. The transition for students post-high school were included in the IDEA. Individualized Education Plans (IEPs), Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), Least Restrictive Environment LRE), Evaluations, Parent and Teacher involvement, and procedures are the 6 main ideas behind IDEA. -
Americans with Disability Act (ADA)
The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits the discrimination on any American based on their disability. Protects against discriminations based on race, religion, sex, natural origin and other defining characteristics making it illegal. ACT allows for reasonable accommodations to be made to people with disabilities. ADA includes disabilities, mental and physical whether it is permeant or temporary. ACT protects special education students in the classroom and in the workspace. -
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IDEA/NCLB
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IDEA Amendments of 1997
The original IDEA law was reauthorized in 1997 by President Bill Clinton and included:
-Strengthen the expectations and accountability of children with disabilities.
-Bridges the gap of what is required in regular curriculum and what exists with children with disabilities.
-Updated IEP requirements and components
-Intervention and inclusion requirements -
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
The NCLB Act of 2001 included several federal education programs that will be administered by the states. This was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The main focus is to close gaps in student achievement by providing a fair, significant, and equal opportunity to earn an education. States would be required to establish academic and state testing standards. Accountability, flexibility, research-based instruction, and parent options are the pillars of the Act. -
IDEA Improvements of 2004
The improvements gave meaning and identified that Special Education Teachers be highly qualified. The law provides specific requirements to ensure a free and appropriate public education. With this law schools would be required to used research-based intervention services.
