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Margaret Douglas
Margaret Douglas sentenced to one month in jail for teaching children of freed slaves how to read and write (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Chung, 2008). -
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African American Education Post-Reconstruction
For nearly 100 years, it was believed that African Americans were inferior and should be educated for lower ranking jobs (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Chung, 2008). -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson supports racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as they are "separate but equal" (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Chung, 2008). -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education overturns the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling and bans racial segregation in public schools. -
Hobson v. Hansen
Schools try to encourage de facto segregation by targeting poor, black neighborhoods with low standardized test scores. The court rules that test scores cannot be used to group students into "tracks" for special education placement (UCLA School Mental Health Project). -
Lloyd Dunn
Lloyd Dunn critiques the overrepresentation of minority students in special education programs (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Chung, 2008). -
Diana v. California State Board of Education
Diana, a Spanish-speaking student from California,was placed in a special education program after she received a low score on an IQ test given in English. This court case ruled that English Language Learners (ELLs) need to be retested in their native languages before being placed in a special education program (UCLA School Mental Health Project). -
Larry P. v. Riles
Larry P., a black student in California, argues that IQ tests discriminate on the basis of race. The court rules that IQ tests are discriminatory and should not be used for special education placement (UCLA School Mental Health Project). -
Jane Mercer
Jane Mercer finds that "public schools (tend) to identify more children as mentally retarded than any other child service setting" (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Chung, 2008). -
Rehabilitation Act
The Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in Federal programs. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ensures that children with disabilities equal access to education through reasonable accommodations and modifications (Wright's Law, 2019). -
U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights
Survey data produces estimates of the extent and distribution of disproportionality of special education program enrollment based on race. However, this research did not provide any understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in special education (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Chung, 2008). -
Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Act
This law prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in schools, workplaces, and other public places. The ADA makes sure that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else (Wright's Law, 2019). -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 1997
IDEA 1997 requires every state to have policies and procedures in effect to ensure a free appropriate public education (FAPE) for all students with disabilities (Wright's Law, 2009). -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 2004
This new act requires states to monitor disproportionate representation by race or ethnicity in disability categories and special education placements. It also orders the review of local policies, practices, and procedures when disproportionate representation is found (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Chung, 2008).
