-
Grammar-translation
Rules, rules, rules! Silence, please! It's time for grammar, translation, and memorization. Break out the word lists. This method can be traced back to traditional methods of teaching Latin and Greek. No single person in particular gets the credit for this one, but Ploz was influential near the end of it's popularity in the late 1800s. -
Direct
Répétez, s'il vous plaît. With a focus on pronunciation and target language only instruction, this turn of the century reaction to grammar-translation methods made use of imitation, repetition, speaking, reading, visuals, realia, and inductive grammar instruction. Some proponents were Comenius, Gouin, Jespersen, and de Sauzé. -
Audiolingual (ALM)
Drill first, understand later. Behaviorism (i.e. stimulus-response) is the foundation for this method which makes use of correction, repetition, over-learning, and dialogue memorization with the goal of forming good habits and perfecting pronunciation. Learning follows the sequence of Listen-Speak-Read-Write. Grammar and culture learning are inductive. Influential person: B.F. Skinner. -
Cognitive Code
This reaction to ALM acknowledges that language is creative and language learning must allow a person to produce novel phrases of their own creation. Focus on meaning. Explicit grammar instruction.
Influential person: Noam Chomsky. -
Silent Way
Trial and error. Teacher, neither modeling nor correcting, takes a back seat in the classroom and waits for students to produce language. Students take on more responsibility for their own learning through self- and peer-correction. Trademark tools for this method are cuisenaire rods (colored wooden rods borrowed from typical use in teaching mathematics) and color-coded phonics charts. This method is credited to Dr. Gallegno. -
Dartmouth Intensive Language Model
Drama! Games! Action! Leave behind your over-sensitive self-monitor and delve into exclusive use of the TL through lively, engaging activities with Rassais. Rest assured that the master and apprentice teachers will all provide immediate error correction, so you are free to take linguistic risks while staying certain you are on the path to success. -
Total Physical Response (TPR)
¡Levántense! ¡Siéntense! Meaning takes a front seat as students develop comprehension of the TL by responding physically to oral commands. Teachers use TL exclusively and wait for student output to come about naturally.
Influential person: Asher -
Community Language Learning
Just ask! Groups of self-directed students with similar goals choose their own class theme and find out how to say precisely what they choose by the help of direct translation from a teacher who has adopted the role of "knower," "counselor," or "human computer." A tape recorder is used during the conversation, which can last much longer than an hour, and the non-TL portions edited out to create a seemingly fluid TL conversation. Based partly on work by Curran. -
Suggestopedia
Relax and take it all in. Baroque music, soft lights, and a comfortable seat set the stage for "releasing the subconscience" to absorb large amounts of information from your surroundings. Activities include dramatic readings by the teacher with music in the background, role-play of dialogues and grammar explanations in L1. Dr. Lozanov based this method on psychophysiological mechanisms. -
Natural Approach
How are you feeling? This student-centered approach shows sensitivity to the affective filter. Total immersion in TL, toleration of a silent phase of learning, and lack of verbal correction grants students an atmosphere similar to first-language aquisition. Student progression follows three stages: aural comprehension, early speech production, speech activities. Influential persons: Terrell and Krashen. -
Proficiency
This approach aims to provide students an education which allows them to use the language at a functional level in a variety of contexts.
Influential organizations: ACTFL and ETS
ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines 2012 -
Standards
This approach aims to provide students an education which promotes cultural and communicative competences within the global community.
Influential organizations: ACTFL, AATF, AATG, AATSP, TESOL
ACTFL World-Readiness Standards
NCSSFL-ACTFL Can-Do Statements 2015
