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476
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Marked the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe. -
Period: 800 to 888
The Carolingian Empire
Charlemagne's reign saw the establishment of a vast Frankish kingdom and the revival of learning and culture known as the Carolingian Renaissance. -
1066
The Norman Conquest of England
Led by William the Conqueror, the Norman invasion reshaped English society, culture, and language. -
Period: 1096 to 1291
The Crusades
Series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control, leaving a lasting impact on European society and culture. -
1251
The Magna Carta
Signed by King John of England, this document established the principle of limited government and influenced the development of constitutional law. -
Period: 1300 to
The Renaissance
Cultural and intellectual movement that began in Italy and spread across Europe, marking the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. -
Period: 1337 to 1453
The Hundred Years' War
A series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, resulting in significant territorial and political changes. -
Period: 1347 to 1351
The Black Death
A devastating pandemic that killed millions across Europe, profoundly affecting society, economy, and religion. -
Period: 1378 to 1416
The Great Schism
Split within the Catholic Church, leading to the existence of two rival popes and a period of religious turmoil in Europe. -
1499
The Protestant Reformation
Led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin, this religious movement challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism as a major branch of Christianity.