Semester 2 Final APUSH timeline.

During the Progressive Era, the movement for women's suffrage picked up speed. The National American Women Suffrage Association and other groups emerged, utilizing various methods to advance their goals. Besides advocating for the right to vote, many of these women were also ardent supporters of prohibition, viewing it as the source of societal ills. They worked towards aiding immigrant families by establishing settlement houses, and championed African American rights.

Booker T. Washington preached a philosophy of self-help, racial solidarity, and accommodation. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. He gained national fame in 1895 with his Atlanta Compromise address, delivered at the Cotton States Exposition. For the expositions white organizers, this intended to show racial progress. His speech states that the races could remain socially detached.

The US Supreme Court ruled, in a 7-1 vote, that "separate but equal" accommodations on railroad cars conformed to the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection. That decision was used to justify segregating all public facilities, including schools. And most school districts, neglected their black schools. This ruling coincided with the Jim Crow era, and legalized segregation in the South now expanded countrywide.

The US anchored navy battleship, the Maine, in Havana Harbor to protect US citizens and economic interest in Cuba. While peacefully anchored, the Maine exploded killing 260 American sailors. The US believed this to be Spain, but future evidence reveals it was an internal ship issue. This event sparked American patriotism. President McKinley asked Congress to approve a $50 million appropriation to "prepare for war". Catchy headlines adopted the phrase "Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!"

Theodore Roosevelt becomes the president

Roosevelt's popularity on the ticket helped McKinley to be re-elected. However, McKinley was assasinated and so his vice-president Roosevelt became president. He wanted to break up what he regarded 'bad trusts' in something called 'trust busting' using the Sherman Anti-trust Act. He also passed consumer reforms with the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. Additionally, he worked to protect and preserve some of America's natural wild lands and create national parks and preserves.

Henry Ford created the first mass made vehicle, the Model T, by creating a highly efficient moving assembly line that revolutionized industry, in which he was able to produce a mass amount of uniform vehicles and sell them for very low rates. Not only did this create a massive boom in the automobile industry, but it also supported other industries such as steel, glass, oil, etc. The production of the Model T is responsible for the mobilization of America and the advancement of the US as a whole.

WEB DuBois was the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University. As an important intellectual, scholar, and political thinker, DuBois advocated political actions and a civil rights agenda. He argued social change could be accomplished by developing the small group of college-educated blacks he called "the Talented Tenth". DuBois helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People which carried well into the 1950s civil rights movement and beyond.

William Howard Taft becomes the president

After completing his terms, Roosevelt hand picks William Howard Taft to be his successor and campaigns tirelessly to see him elected. Despite Roosevelt's legacy, Taft actually ends up breaking more trust and creating more national parks and preserves than Roosevelt. However, he is uneasy with a president enacting broad social reforms. Angry over Taft's failure to carry on his policies, Roosevelt challenges Taft for the Republican nomination, but this splits the Republican vote.

Henry Ford previously introduced the model T in 1908 for $850. Using scientific management and creating a moving assembly line, he was able to reduce the time it takes to produce the model from 12 hours to 90 minutes. This also reduced the price to $280. This created a boom in the automobile industry, and provided opportunities for the industries of steel, oil, insurance, and construction. This benefited transportation and created the suburbs as people could now live farther from home.

Henry Ford previously introduced the model T in 1908 for $850. Using scientific management and creating a moving assembly line, he was able to reduce the time it takes to produce the model from 12 hours to 90 minutes. This, in turn, also reduced the price to $280. This created a boom in the automobile industry, and provided opportunities for the industries of steel, oil, insurance, and construction. This benefited transportation and created the suburbs as people could now live farther from home.

The US was angered when a German U-boat sinks the Lusitania. Under pressure from the US, Germany agrees to stop unrestricted sub warfare. However, this weakened their coastal blockade and they resumed practice. Four US ships were torpedoed further sending a wedge between Germany and the US. Germany sought an alliance with Mexico through the Zimmerman telegram, which is intercepted and considered to be an act of war. The US enters the war on the side of allies, just two months later.

The purpose of the War Industries Board (WIB) was to ensure adequate and sufficient production of wartime supplies in the US during WWI. The WIB was given enormous power to regulate and control American business, including being able to manipulate what was being produced, set quotas for some industries, determine min. and max. prices for certain products, and oversee the distribution of raw materials. Many question the constitutionality of the WIB, but they did help the US economy during WWI.

The US was angered when a German U-boat sinks the Lusitania. Under pressure from the US, Germany agrees to stop unrestricted sub warfare. However, this weakened their coastal blockade and they resumed practice. Four US ships were torpedoed further sending a wedge between Germany and the US. Germany sought an alliance with Mexico through the Zimmerman telegram, which is intercepted and considered to be an act of war. The US enters the war on the side of allies, just two months later.

The 18th Amendment or Volstead Act gets passed outlawing the manufacture, sale, distribution, or importation of alcohol nation wide. This was a result of the temperance movement and an advocation for prohibition taken on by many groups such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union and anti-saloon league. These groups and others believed alcohol to be 'the root of all evil'. By banning alcohol, the nation saw an increase in organized crime, speakeasies, and bootleggers.

The 18th Amendment or Volstead Act gets passed outlawing the manufacture, sale, distribution, or importation of alcohol nation wide. This was a result of the temperance movement and an advocation for prohibition taken on by many groups such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union and anti-saloon league. These groups and others believed alcohol to be 'the root of all evil'. By banning alcohol, the nation saw an increase in organized crime, speakeasies, and bootleggers.

The Klan's activity hadn't been seen since the 1880's, but it begins to rise again during the 1920s. Membership reached 5 million, showing how mainstream they were. The KKK marched on Washington in 1926 as a display of their power. The group was willing to use violence, intimidation, and political means to achieve their ends. Their tactics of violence were aimed at minority groups such as African Americans (predominately), Jews, Immigrants, and Catholics.

The Great War created a sense of patriotism, and unpatriotic ideas were feared and anti-immigrant feelings arose. Affects of the Red Scare and animosity toward immigrants and those with 'dangerous political positions' were highlighted in the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. With little evidence, two Italian immigrants, admitted anarchists, were charged with the murder of an employee. They were found guilty and sentenced to death. Their deaths sparked widespread protests and debate about civil rights.

After WWI, the economy was on the decline. Ballooning stock market lead to speculation and buying 'on margin'. People began to run up large personal debts in order to have the newest products. The Great Crash in 1929 was a symptom of the US' economy. Banks lacked money, people lost savings, debts were called in, and no one had cash. This led to production being stopped, workers fired, consumption declined, and no profits. President Hoover did little to help and opposed direct federal aid.

After WWI, the economy was on the decline. Ballooning stock market lead to speculation and buying 'on margin'. People began to run up large personal debts in order to have the newest products. The Great Crash in 1929 was a symptom of the US' economy. Banks lacked money, people lost savings, debts were called in, and no one had cash. This led to production being stopped, workers fired, consumption declined, and no profits. President Hoover did little to help and opposed direct federal aid.

Roosevelt promised programs to address the Depression that was ignored by Hoover. Roosevelt focused on "relief, recovery, reform". He created enormous debt spending so we could consume our way out of the depression.The 'New Deal' created new agencies and programs to protect people from economic disaster. He's loved by the people because he seems to be working hard to help them. However, some said the deals were unconstitutional and posed questions on what power the govt. has in times of turmoil.

WWI veterans had been promised a bonus for their service, but they weren't due to receive it until 1945. The financial circumstances of the country prompted many of them to demand it now. Thousands marched on Washington, but their request was denied by the senate and many left. Those who stayed congregated around the White House. After months, Hoover called the army to disperse them and the military evicted them from DC and burned their camp, and many veterans were injured.

Only 36 hours after FDR was inaugurated amidst the Great Depression, he declared a national bank holiday. The American banking system was collapsing and millions of people were losing their money, so FDR had federal workers inspect every bank in America, allowing only healthy and stable banks to reopen; he also insured individual bank deposits to create further security. While the constitutionality of this act is questionable, it restored confidence in the financial system among Americans.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was established by the Banking Act of 1933 during the Great Depression and period of severe financial insecurity. It's job is to insure deposits (up to $250,000 as of 2008) in case of bank failure, in examines and supervises financial institutions for soundness and consumer protection, and helps with the American financial institution as a whole. The FDIC completely changed the American financial system as a whole, and is still around today.

The WPA is the biggest agency created by FDR. In 1935, it employed 8 million and had $2 billion funds. It created bridges, reservoirs, irrigation, sewage, schools, playgrounds, education, and training. This work program paid minimum wage, but it pulled people off unemployment, charity, and soup lines. The WPA was part of several New Deal programs put into motion by FDR during the Great Depression. It helped to provide jobs and try to solve the country's financial crisis.

Under President Franklin Roosevelt, the Social Security Act of 1935 was passed. This created a safety net for all Americans. A percentage of everyone's pay check would go towards this fund. However, this system was based on a shorter life-span and intended to only supplement (not replace) income which has created problems. On the bright side, however, people had been less inclined to retire because they would lose their income and the SSA gave people an incentive to retire.

This Act was the country's first peacetime draft, but even with draftees coming in before the attack on Pearl harbor it only had about 300,000 men. The US calls on American men to enlist and the American people respond. The government is overwhelmed with the number that decides to join and patriotism sweeps the country. Industry transfers to wartime production and produces weapons faster than anybody thought was possible. In one month, the US was able to produce up to 4000 tanks and 4500 planes.

During WWII, the need for workers began to arise, but most industries wouldn't hire blacks. So FDR signed Executive Order 8802 which eliminated discriminatory hiring practices in the government and forced companies to hire blacks so the nation could meet wartime production quotas. And so, black employment doubled. This is a reflection of the continuation of The Great Migration, as African Americans moved North to attain jobs. This gave them a sense of independence that would carry beyond WWII.

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor using a combination of fighter planes, dive bombers, horizontal bombers, torpedo planes, and midget submarines. They did this because of the US demands that Japan withdraw from China and Indochina, and the US oil embargo was hurting their economy. This attack cost the US 2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians, 188 planes, and 18 ships. This was a deep blow to the US pacific fleet. This forced the US to finally join WWII, and so the US and Britain declared war on Japan.

Unlike WWI, which evoked widespread harassment of German Americans, WWII produced relatively little condemnation of European Americans. This harassment moved instead towards Japanese Americans. Early in 1942, Franklin Roosevelt responded to anti-Japanese fears by issuing Executive Order 9066, which authorized the War Department to force Japanese Americans from their homes and hold them in relocation camps for the rest of the war.

The allies spent 18 months planning and training for D-Day. It was the largest seaborne invasion in history and the turning point in WWII. The Allied forces had 156,000 troops that landed on five beaches in Normandy. The beaches were stormed early in the morning and were supported by nearly 23,000 airborne troops that had been landed behind enemy lines the night before. Within 7 days, the Allies controlled 80 miles of the coast. This broke the Atlantic wall and allowed the Allies to push inland.

The GI Bill of Rights is our government's way of saying thank you to soldiers who fought in WWII. This act paid for education (college or trade school), gave low interest home loans, receive free healthcare through VA hospitals, and provided low interest business loans. These benefits aided our veterans and boosted home ownership, small businesses, and the US economy leading to the romanticized version of the 1950s that remains today. With the growth of the suburbs and the baby boom.

The period between 1946-1963 represented the Baby Boom, a period where babies were being born at an extremely high rate. This happened because the period after WWII seemed to be the first economically and socially stable time for the first time in decades, and many Americans viewed it as a great time to finally start a family. This immense population increase led to more industries being created, more jobs and employees being needed, and the economy expanding and improving overall.

In the midst of the cold war, Greece and Turkey faced communist revolts in 1947 and asked the US for aid to defend themselves. And so, President Truman asked congress for $400 million in aid plus US troops/advisors to help both Greece and Turkey fight back the communist threat. The Truman Doctrine was the principle that the US should give support to countries threatened by Soviet forces or communists. This was first expressed in his speech to Congress about seeking aid for Greece and Turkey.

Jackie Robinson was the first African American to enter the major leagues in baseball. He was subjected to lots of hatred during his time. He was spiked, beaned, threatened, and players refused to play with or against him, and he was refused service while on the road. But Robinson never retaliated. His courage, discipline, and success was an inspiration to millions of Americans. His influence helped white citizens to view African Americans in a new light and inspired many African Americans.

In the midst of the Cold War, ten motion-picture producers, directors, and screenwriters appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee. They refused to answer questions regarding their possible communist affiliations and spent time in prison for contempt of Congress. This is a reflection of the communist fear that was present in the United States during the Cold War, and how our fears sometimes overtook the rights of the people to believe as they choose.

After WWII, the US planned to help reconstruct Europe under the Marshall Plan. We helped to modernize industrial equipment, create sound currencies and national budgets, and expand trade and increase exports. This increased economic cooperation among the countries. There was an increase in production especially in agriculture and energy industry. We helped to rebuild infrastructure (roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals) and rebuild destroyed cities.

Stalin wanted control over the entire city of Berlin, so the USSR imposed a complete blockade on railway, road, and canal traffic. No supplies of any type (food, fuel, and consumer goods) were allowed to enter West Berlin. Truman decided that we were going to hold on to West Berlin. He chooses an airlift to keep the city supplied. Truman made it clear that if one cargo plane was shot down it would mean war between the US and the USSR. And in May of 1949, Stalin ended the Berlin Blockade.

In 1949, ten west European countries, the US, and Canada, sign the Washington Treaty, which creates the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an alliance which brings together free and sovereign countries in order to create a collective security system. The main purpose of the alliance is specified in article 5 which states that "an armed attack against one or more of them... shall be considered an attack against them all." NATO was essential in creating a strong force to combat communism.

The Korean War was a part of the Cold War, and was caused by Communist control over North Korea and the Democratic US control of South Korea. N. Korea had launched an attack on S. Korea, which was interpreted as an attempt to spread communism. The US immediately sent troops to Korea to help the S. Koreans fight against the North. At one point the North almost had complete control, but the Allies were able to push N. Korea back to Chinese borders. This was a very significant part of the Cold War.

Communist North Koreans had pushed the South Korean and unprepared US armies all the way to Pusan in the South. The Korean War faced lots of back and forth wins as General Macarthur commanded US forces. With pushes from Macarthur and the UN troops and pushes from communist china turned the war in Korea into a stalemate. In 1952, Eisenhower was elected president, and he vowed to end this war. In 1953, an armistice was signed ending the Korean War, and Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel.

In a previous case (Plessy v. Ferguson), Plessy determined that schools could be separate if they were equal. However, they were far from equal, and the black schools had worse equipment and less funding. In the case of Linda Brown, she had to walk past a white school to get to the Black school which was lower quality. Thurgood Marshall represents Brown in her case to the supreme court. They won the case and overturned the Plessy verdict. This opened the door for the desegregation of schools.

In Montgomery Alabama, Rosa Parks challenges the Jim Crow laws by refusing to give up her seat. She is then arrested and black leaders use this to organize a boycott. 40,000 blacks in Montgomery participate in the boycott and it lasts 382 days. The bus companies eventually joined in fighting the law in order to end the boycott and regain black customers which made up 75% of their business. This civil rights protest illustrates the power African Americans had to leverage their economic influence.

The Eisenhower Interstate Act is the largest public works project in history. It updated and modernized America's roadways and connects the country. The Interstate Act played on cold war fears by making evacuation easier and by acting as an emergency runway. This fostered driving and car culture as cars become more of a necessity. Cars were symbols of freedom and status and they made life easier for families. The interstate Act also helped those living in suburbs easily get to jobs in the city.

As the youth of the 50s rebelled against the conformity of their parents, they found an outlet in the emergence of Rock. Rock began as 'black' music combining blues with pop and western influences. But Elvis Presley introduced this music to white audiences when he first appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1956. His sensational music and dancing were like nothing the public had seen before and it was met with harsh criticism from the older conformity generation and with adoration from the youth.

While Plessy v. Ferguson had been stuck down, integration was still being blocked by most Southern governments. So civil rights activists gathered a group of 9 black high school students, called the "Little Rock 9", to be the first attempt of integration in Southern schools. AR governor ordered the AR National Guard to deny the kids' entrance, causing Eisenhower to order federal troops to make sure the kids made it to school everyday. This was huge and allowed for further integration of schools.

The Cuban Missile Crisis began when American spy planes captured photos of what appeared to be an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) launch site in Communist Cuba, who was in cahoots with the Soviets. Upon further digging and spying, we found out that there was indeed a nuclear launch site in Cuba, and that Russia was delivering multiple ICBMs to Cuba by ship. American ships blockaded Cuba and were able to stop the missile delivery, but this event unleashed even more hysteria in the U.S.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a result of the hard work of the Civil Rights Movement which lasted over a decade, earned by protests, civil disobedience, legal action, and other brave work done by the black community and other supporters. The Act outlaws segregation in public areas and prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin. This was monumental to the Black community, as it allowed them the freedoms and equality they had been waiting for for over a century.

Signed into law by President LBJ, the Voting Rights Act banned discrimination in local, state, and national elections and polling places, along with banning literacy tests, intimidation tactics, physical violence, and polling taxes. Any state that was caught not complying with this law would lose their representation in Congress. This law was a result of civil unrest by the black community after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as it still did not ensure that black citizens had the right to vote.

The infamous Watergate scandal took place in 1972 when 5 men broke into the Democratic headquarters and stole information on the Democratic plan for the upcoming election. The men were arrested, and President Richard Nixon was questioned about his knowledge of the break-in. Over the span of two years, Nixon denied his knowledge of the scandal and attempted to cover it up until tapes were finally found in which Nixon admitted knowledge of the break-in. This led to Nixon's resignation in 1974.

In 1984 Ronald Reagan was reelected in the biggest landslide vote in American history, with a 525-13 electoral vote. He was by far the most popular president, and left behind a strong legacy. He helped recover the terrible economy of the 1970s, ended the Cold War, lowered taxes and reduced government interference in the economy, but was involved in the Iran-Contra scandal. Reagan is responsible for the longest-period of economic growth and prosperity in US history and united America politically.