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Robber Barons
A Robber Baron was a ruthlessly powerful U.S. capitalist or industrialist of the late 19th century considered to have become wealthy by exploiting natural resources, corrupting legislators, or other unethical means. Often referred to as “captains of industry” with in similarity with those called “robber barons”. These include people such as Cornelius Vanderbuilt, Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller. -
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TRANSFORMING THE WEST
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John Deere
1837 John Deere fashions a polished-steel plow in his Grand Detour, Illinois, blacksmith shop that lets pioneer farmers cut clean furrows through sticky Midwest prairie soil. 1838 John Deere, blacksmith, evolves into John Deere, manufacturer. Later he remembers building 10 plows in 1839, 75 in 1841, and 100 in 1842. he also forged the beginnings of Deere & Company, a company that today does business around the world and employs more than 50,000 people. -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Shipping and railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877) was a self-made multi-millionaire who became one of the wealthiest Americans of the 19th century. As a boy, he worked with his father, who operated a boat that ferried cargo between Staten Island, New York, where they lived, and Manhattan. Vanderbuilt would eventually start his own steamship company, leading to the control of the Hudson River traffic. -
Laissez Faire
Laissez Faire is French for "leave alone" and this meant the government would not interfere in economic activities. It is the separation of economy and state. The laissez faire philosophy had a great impact on economic policy during the industrial revolution of the 1800s. Following the economic collapse of 1929, governments began to institute economic policies designed not to control production or inhibit efficiency, but to protect workers and consumers. -
The American Federation of Labor
American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations , American federation of autonomous labour unions formed in 1955 by the merger of the AFL, which originally organized workers in craft unions, which organized workers by industries. the first enduring national labor union. Gompers believed that labor had the most to gain by organizing skilled craft workers, rather than attempting to organize all workers in an industry. -
The American Federation of Labor
American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations , American federation of autonomous labour unions formed in 1955 by the merger of the AFL, which originally organized workers in craft unions, which organized workers by industries. the first enduring national labor union. Gompers believed that labor had the most to gain by organizing skilled craft workers, rather than attempting to organize all workers in an industry. -
John Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller, born into decent hold in New York, he would become the founder of the Standard Oil Company, also becoming one of the world's wealthiest men and a major philanthropist, He built his first oil refinery near Cleveland and in 1870 incorporated the Standard Oil Company. By 1882 he had a near-monopoly of the oil business in the U.S., but his business practices led to the passing of antitrust laws. -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was an Scottish-born American industrialist, who later made a fortune in the steel industry, which lead to his philanthropy. Carnegie worked in a Pittsburgh cotton factory as a boy before rising to the position of division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Carnegie believe in giving money to good causes or the "Gospel of Wealth," which meant that wealthy people were morally obligated to give their money back to others in society. -
Political Machines
A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses, these supporters receive rewards. The most well known political machine was Tammany Hall, leading the Democratic Party in New York City. Headed by William Marcy Tweed, the Tammany Hall political machine of the late 1860s and early 1870s used graft, bribery, and rigged elections to bilk the city of over $200 million. -
Tenements
Tenements were urban areas mainly lived in by impoverished families. Apartment houses that barely meet or fail to meet the minimum standards of safety, sanitation, and comfort. In the 1860s and 1870s, hundreds of tenements were built, as more and more poor immigrants are arriving in New York City making it a melting pot of many cultures. When these tenements were built, there were almost no laws regulating tenement construction. -
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THE GILDED AGE
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The Homestead Act
The Homestead Act opened up settlement in the western United States, allowing any American, including freed slaves, to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land. An individual was given ownership of the land for free if that person lived on the land for five years and improved the land by building a home and producing a crop. Produced the most significant and enduring events in the westward expansion of the United States. -
Morill Land Grant College Act
Morill Land Grant College Act, was an act by Congress granting each state 30,000 acres of land for each member it had in Congress, and the money would go towards improving colleges and universities , and teaching agricultural and mechanical arts. Aided by the secession of many states that did not support the plans, this act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 2, 1862. The previous day Lincoln signed a bill financing the transcontinental railroad with land grants. -
The Haymarket Riot
Haymarket Square riot, outbreak of violence in Chicago. Demands for an eight-hour working day became increasingly widespread among American laborers. A demonstration, largely staged by a small group of anarchists, caused a crowd of some 1,500 people to gather at Haymarket Square. The Haymarket Riot had a lasting effect on the labour movement in the United States. The Knights of Labor, were blamed for the incident. -
The Knights of Labor
Knights of Labor, the first important national labor organization in the United States, founded in 1869. Named the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor by its first leader, Uriah Smith Stephens, it originated as a secret organization meant to protect its members from employer retaliations, also to combat this dismal situation for workers, unions of the Gilded Age pursued two broad strategies. gained a national following when Terence Powderly assumed leadership. -
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BECOMING AN INDUSTRIAL POWER
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IMPERIALISM
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The Red River War
The Red River War was a military campaign started by the United States Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and forcibly relocate them to reservations in Indian Territory. This began when the federal government defaulted on obligations undertaken to those tribes. When the Quahadi Comanche entered Fort Sill and surrendered. The Indians were defeated and would never again freely roam the buffalo plains. -
Battle of Little Long Horn
Sioux and Cheyenne Indians daringly left their reservations, enraged over whites and the way they have treated their land. They gathered in Montana, in an attempt to preserve their lands. They was them trying to resist the efforts of the U.S. Army in forcing them onto reservations, under the leadership of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse they would obliterate Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and his Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. -
Exodusters
Thousands of African-Americans made their way from the southern states along the Mississippi River, who migrated to Kansas and other Western states after Reconstruction. The large-scale black migration from the South to Kansas came to be known as the "Great Exodus," and those participating in it were called "exodusters." Seeking to begin a new life where they hoped to be treated with fairness and respect. -
Francis Willard
Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. After Frances Willard took over leadership in 1879 of the WCTU, the WCTU became one of the largest and most influential women's groups of the 19th century by expanding its platform to campaign for labor laws, prison reform and suffrage. -
Helen Hunt
During the U.S. interaction with the natives in the west, the mistreatment and prejudice of the natives made some of the white feel remorsefully sympathetic. The unjust acts towards the Native Americans in the United States would inspire Helen Hunt to write "A Century of Dishonor" a non-fiction book, published in 1881 that recounts the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, generally on the problems that they face. -
The Pendleton Act
Chester A. Arthur had been elected vice president by James A. Garfield, but Garfield's would late be assassination in 1881 by, Charles J. Guiteau, who thought he deserved a government job, led to a push for reform. Arthur would drive this reform through the Pendleton Act. The Pendleton Act provided that Federal Government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected through competitive exams. -
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show
William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody opened Buffalo Bill's Wild West show on May 19, 1883 at Omaha, Nebraska. His partner that first season was a dentist and exhibition shooter, Dr. W.F. Carver. With his Wild West show in hand, nobody could deny Buffalo Bill's fame. “At the turn of the twentieth century, William F. Cody was known as 'the greatest showman on the face of the earth'”. This would come to be known one of the famous Western Dime Novels. -
The Haymarket Riot
Haymarket Square riot, outbreak of violence in Chicago. Demands for an eight-hour working day became increasingly widespread among American laborers. A demonstration, largely staged by a small group of anarchists, caused a crowd of some 1,500 people to gather at Haymarket Square. The Haymarket Riot had a lasting effect on the labour movement in the United States. The Knights of Labor, were blamed for the incident. -
The Great Upheaval of 1886
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. Striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked. At the time many were discontent with their wages, and that is why so many strikes occurred. -
Dawes Severalty Act
Approved in 1887, "An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations," known as the Dawes Act, emphasized severalty, the treatment of Native Americans as individuals rather than as members of tribes. This act effected tribal life because it helped to reduce the tribes' ability to live in their traditional ways. The Dawes Act ended communal ownership of the land and parceled it up into pieces to be owned by individual Native Americans. -
Wounded Knee
Wounded Knee, located on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota,was the site of two conflicts between North American Indians and representatives of the U.S. government. An 1890 massacre left some 15 0Native Americans dead, in what was the final clash between federal troops and the Sioux. These people were guilty of no crime and were not engaged in combat, some a substantial number were women and children. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890 after the increase use of trusts. The act prohibited alliances restraining trade between each other. This allowed for things like price-fixing, refusals to deal, and bid-rigging. The parties involved might be competitors, customers, or a combination of the two. It was named after the senator John Sherman. It was approved by Congress in Washington, D.C. It was passed by John Sherman. -
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PROGRESSIVE ERA
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Chinese Exclusion Act
It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. Act of 1892 which extended the provisions of the Exclusion Act for another ten years. his placed a suspension on immigration from The People's Republic of China. This ban, originally intended to last 10 years, ended up being extended indefinitely until, 1902 the ban against the immigration of Chinese laborers was made permanent. -
The City Beautiful Movement
The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that continued during the 1890s and 1900s with the purpose of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.its showpiece became the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, developed in Chicago according to principles set out by American architect Daniel Burnham. This was to get away from the days of waste filling the streets. -
The Depression of 1893
The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year. Almost like the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the falling of railroad overbuilding and very risky railroad financing leading to a number of bank failures, and in addition to that a scarcity of gold. By the time 1895, the United States was almost completely depleted of the gold within its banks reserves. -
World’s Columbian Exposition 1893
The World's Columbian Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair and Chicago Columbian Exposition, was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, Edison, backed by financier J.P. Morgan, and Nikola Tesla, supported by George Westinghouse, battled across the country for who would light this land. -
The Pullman Strike
When the Pullman railroad car company laid off workers and also cut wages, the American Railroad Union (ARU) founded by Eugene V. Debs would lead a national strike that shut down the country's railroad system. George Pullman called on the federal government to break the strike and get the trains running again. The workers protested and started the Pullman Strike on May 11, 1894 and violence broke out. -
The Klondike Gold Rush
In August 1896 when Skookum Jim Mason, Dawson Charlie and George Washington Carmack found gold in the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory, a chase for gold in the Yukon and Alaska in to the Klondike region between 1897 and 1899 would be the reason that around 100,000 people migrate to this area. This would eventually lead to the establishment of Dawson City and subsequently, the Yukon Territory. -
The Election of 1896
The presidential election of 1896, where Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign that was considered to be one of the most monumental campaigns in american history.The populist party started to gain national presence when William Jennings Bryan was nominated as their presidential candidate, but this would lead to the downfall of the part. Nominating Bryan alienated the African-American populists. -
U.S.S. Maine Incident
On February 15th, 1898 the United States battleship Maine, anchored in Havana harbor, suddenly blew up, which seemed to be by a mine, that caused an explosion tearing the bottom of the ship out and sank it, leaving 260 officers and men on board dead. This event would promote the battle cry for the Spanish American War “Remember the Maine”. The crisis would be stirred up by the yellow press, blaming Spain for the explosion, and fuels the fires of war -
The Boxer Rebellion
The Rebellion was mostly supported peasant uprisings in the 1900's, that attempted to drive all foreigners from China. “Boxers” was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists". Who sole purpose was in response to both foreign and domestic internal tensions. Western powers like the US and the nations of Europe had come to wield significant commercial, political, and religious influence across China. -
The Election of 1900
The United States presidential election of 1900 was the 29th presidential election.This election would be a re-match of the 1896 election. William Jennings Bryan was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, standing three times as the party's Democratic nominee for President of the United States.He would be defeated by Republican president nominee William McKinley. This would be Bryan's third time being nominated, only to loose yet again. -
The Square Deal
The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy built on three ideas: the protection of the consumer, the control of large corporations, and the conservation of natural resources. Although he had been vice president under McKinley, Roosevelt did not share McKinley's conservative, pro-business policies. He would use the Bureau of Corporations, in order to keep an eye on businesses engaging in interstate commerce. -
The Platt Amendment
A series of provisions that, in 1901, the United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt. The Platt Amendment prompted the reasons for U.S. intervention in Cuban problems and also allowed fior the United States buy lands all so that naval bases could be of the stationed and coaling stations in Cuba. The Platt Amendment was followed by the Cuban-American Treaty, -
The Panama Canal
In 1881, a French company headed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, a former diplomat who developed Egypt's Suez Canal. The U.S acquired the Canal project from the French for $40 million, In 1903, Panama declared its independence, the Panamanians granted control of the Panama Canal Zone to the United States, having signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.The Panama Canal was built to shorten the distance that ships had to travel to pass between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. -
The Roosevelt Corollary
The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–03. This stated that the United States would interfere as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere completed their obligations to international powers, and made sure they did not violate the rights of the United States or invite “foreign aggression -
The Russo-Japan War
The Russo-Japanese War developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan for ownership of Korea and Manchuria. The Japanese would end up winning the war, by surprisingly destroying the Russia 's Baltic fleet at the Battle Tsushima. The war resulted in the Japanese Empire showing that the world that Japan was major world power and that Czarist Russia was on its last legs. A war where a non-European power defeated one of Europe's great powers. -
The Jungle
The Jungle to expose the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry. His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws. Before the turn of the 20th century, a major reform movement had emerged in the United States. Sinclair wrote the novel to portray the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities. -
The Gentlemen's Agreement
The Gentlemen's Agreement was between the U.S. and Japan in 1907-1908, Theodore would attempt to reduce the tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese people. This agreement stated that the U.S.would not restrict the immigration Japanese students or workers, and Japan would not allow any further emigration to the U.S.. This agreement was informal, and would not passed by Congress. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford was an American automobile manufacturer who created the Ford Model T car in 1908 and later inventing the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head. The Model T was Ford's first automobile mass-produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, marketed to the middle class. -
The Social Gospel Movement
Social Gospel was a movement led by a group of liberal Protestant progressives in response to the social problems raised by the rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increasing immigration of the Gilded Age. The movement was intended improve the economic, moral and social conditions of the urban working class. Ministers, especially ones belonging to the Protestant branch of Christianity, began to tie salvation and good works together. -
Muller v. Oregon
Muller v. Oregon, one of the most significant U.S. Supreme Court cases of the Progressive Era, based off the law only permitting the ten hours to female wage workers. The case established an idea in 1908 to expand the reach of state activity into the area of protective labor legislation. Whether the Constitution permits states to pass laws to protect the health of workers. In 1903, Oregon passed a law that Muller was convicted of violating the law. -
Dollar Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy, foreign policy created by U.S. Pres. William Howard Taft, and his secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, to ensure the financial stability of a region while protecting and extending U.S. commercial and financial interests there. It was a form of American foreign policy to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. -
Angel Island
Angel Island, sometimes called the Ellis Island of the West, was an immigration detention center in San Francisco Bay from 1910 to 1940, where immigrants entering the United States were incarcerated and interrogated. An as a result many Chinese immigrants were forced to prove they had a relative who was a U. S. citizen, either that or they would be forcibly deported. approximately 1 million Asian immigrants were processed there. -
The Election of 1912
United States presidential election of 1912, American presidential election held on November 5, 1912, Unsatisfied with William Howard Taft, some republicans split with the Republican Party and created the Progressive Party in 1912. The Democrats candidate Woodrow Wilson defeated Bull Moose or the Progressive party candidate and former Republican president Theodore Roosevelt and Republican president William Howard Taft. -
The 17th Amendment
The 17th amendment sated that The Senate will have of two Senators from each state for six years; each with one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. Before time Americans did not directly vote for senators for the first 125 years of the Federal Government. The Constitution, as it was adopted in 1788, stated that senators would be elected by state legislatures. -
Federal Reserve Act
It was created by the Congress to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible financial system. The Federal Reserve was created on December 23, 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law. The Federal Reserve Act intended to establish a form of economic stability in the United States through the introduction of the Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy. -
The Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilise her forces near the German border. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914. Lead by German army general Alfred Von Schlieffen. It was made for the purpose of avoiding a war on two fronts, one against Russia on the east, and the other against France on the west. -
Ludlow Massacre
The Ludlow Massacre was an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado, about two dozen people. The Militia was setting up camp and doing their money level drops, they become influenced by the coal officials and aid in the massacre of the strikers. The train ran on a track that passed between the colony and the mines. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, happened on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo. And would be one of the sole causes of World War I. They woud be shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand. This organization was a secret military society, surrounded by the conspiracy group that assassinated the Archduke. -
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World War I
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Booker T. Washington
Washington was one of the greatest African-American leaders of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, later founding Tuskegee University. He would rise to become one of the most influential African-American intellectuals of the late 19th century, also having had a major influence on southern race relations, and was the a prominent figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. Throughout the Progressive Era, he fought against the racism of blacks. -
National Park System
On August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the National Park Service, a new federal bureau in the Department of the Interior responsible for protecting the 35 national parks and monuments then managed by the department and those yet to be established. Yellowstone National Park would be the first established as the United States' first national park, being also the world's first national park. -
Great Migration
The Great Migration, or the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the South to the cities in the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970, had a huge impact on urban life in the United States. Blacks living in the South wanted to get away from segregation,while Jim Crow still existed. African American Southerners believed that segregation, racism, and prejudice against black people wasn't as bad in the North. -
The Sussex Pledge
The German government responded with the so-called Sussex pledge, agreeing to give warning before sinking merchant and passenger ships and to provide for the safety of passengers and crew. Unrestricted submarine warfare was first introduced in World War I in early 1915, when Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy. -
Zimmerman Telegram
The telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued by the the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German ambassador to Mexico proposing a Mexican-German alliance in the case of war between the United States and Germany. The terms were if Mexico were to, they offered a great deal of financial support along with Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The message would be intercepted by British forces, and given to U.S., which would anger them enough to enter the war. -
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
President Woodrow Wilson initially planned to give command of the AEF to Gen. Frederick Funston, but after Funston's sudden death, Wilson appointed Major General John J. Pershing in May 1917, and Pershing remained supreme commander of the American army in France. They would launch their first major offensive in Europe as an independent army. Their successful campaign was a major turning point in the war for the Allies. -
The Espionage Act
Congress would pass the Espionage Act. Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a federal offense to use "disloyal, profane, or abusive language" about the Constitution, the government, the American uniform, or the flag. The government prosecuted over 2,100 people under these acts. Also making it a crime for any person to convey information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country's enemies. -
The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917. The Russian Revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II and the rise of Marxian socialism under Lenin and his Bolsheviks. It sparked the beginning of a new era in Russia that had effects on countries around the world. It started with the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), replacing Russia's traditional monarchy with the world's first Communist state. -
The Spanish Flu
The Spanish Influenza first sprung up in the spring of 1918, and by the end of the summer of 1918, was mostly associated with the soldiers who fought during the WWI. This virus would be the deadliest flu in modern history, infecting an estimated 500 million people worldwide, a third of the planet's population at the time, and killing an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims. Most thought it that it originated in Spain, hence its name. -
The 18th Amendment
On January 29, 1919, Congress ratified the 18th Amendment which prohibited the production, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages within the borders of the United States and its territories, but not the possession or consumption of alcohol. It would later be repealed by the 21st Amendment, and the Volstead Act. This amendment was an attempt to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems,and improve health and hygiene in America. -
The 19th Amendment
The women's suffrage movement was founded in the mid-19th century by women who had become politically active through their work in the abolitionist and temperance movements. The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote—a right known as woman suffrage. At the time the U.S. was founded, its female citizens did not share all of the same rights as men, including the right to vote. -
The League of Nations
Formed by the victorious powers in 1919, the League of Nations was designed to enforce the Treaty of Versailles and the other peace agreements that concluded World War I.The founders of the League of Nations were desperate to avoid a repetition of the horrors of the Great War. The main aims of the organisation included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare. -
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1920s
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The Tea Pot Dome Scandal
Albert B. Fall, who served as secretary of the interior in President Warren G. Harding's cabinet, is found guilty of accepting a bribe while in office. Fall was the first individual to be convicted of a crime committed while a presidential cabinet member. Along with Edwin C. Denby, Secretary of the Navy and oil moguls Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny these men were all considered to guilty in this scandal. -
Pancho Villa
Francisco "Pancho" Villa, born in José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; was a Mexican Revolutionary general and one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution. Pancho Villa was a famed Mexican revolutionary and guerilla leader. He joined Francisco Madero's uprising against Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in 1909, and later became leader of the División del Norte cavalry and governor of Chihuahua. -
The Immigration Act of 1924
President Calvin Coolidge signs into law the Immigration Act of 1924, the most harsh U.S. immigration policy. This act that prevented immigration by establishing a system of national quotas directly aimed at immigrants from southern Europe, eastern Europe and Asians. The intention was to slow the rush of immigrants coming into the United States, and this policy would stay in effect until the 1960s. -
The Harlem Renaissance
This name was the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During the time it was known as the "New Negro Movement" helped lay the foundation for the post-World War II protest movement of the Civil Rights Movement, and this was
a result of a combination of the "Great Migration during and after WWI and "Roaring 20s". -
The Scopes Monkey Trial
The Scopes Monkey trial began in Dayton, Tennessee. High school teacher John Thomas Scopes was charged with violating Tennessee's law against teaching evolution instead of the divine creation of man. evolution was banned from the classrooms of public schools. Creationism was the only theory that was taught in science classrooms for years after the Scopes Trial. The decision in the case gave religion precedence over education. -
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh was a famous aviator. In 1927 he became the first to successfully pull off a solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. On this long flight Charles Lindbergh would not sleep for 55 hours. He would travel from Long Island, New York, to Paris, France, for which Lindbergh won the $25,000 Orteig Prize. He called his airplane the Spirit of St. Louis, and his courageous feat helped make Missouri a leader in the developing world of aviation. -
Al Capone
Massacre on St. Valentine's Day. Chicago's gang war reached its bloody climax in the so-called St. Valentine's Day Massacre of 1929. One of Capone's longtime enemies, the Irish gangster George “Bugs” Moran, ran his bootlegging operations. Seven men are killed in a garage on the North side of Chicago. Planned by McGurn and members of the Circus gang, imported hired killers are sent in the Moran warehouse. -
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THE GREAT DEPRESSION
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October 20, 1929
This date will be remembered as Wall Street Crash of 1929,Black Tuesday, the Great Crash, or even the Stock Market Crash of 1929, and will begin on October 24, 1929. The crash of 1929 was not completely responsible for the Great Depression, but it was responsible for the speeding the up the inevitable global economic collapse. This would result in almost half of America's banks to fail, leaving many unemployed -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl, or also referred to as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of devastating dust storms that would be responsible for damaging the agriculture and ecosystems in parts of America and Canada. The harsh drought and a failed attempts to apply farming methods to prevent wind erosion. The period would last over a decade, mainly affecting the southern Plains.This disaster would claim about 7,000 people. -
The Election of 1932
In hindsight, FDR might look like a shoo-in for the 1932 presidential election. The campaign unfolded during the darkest days of the Great Depression, and Roosevelt's opponent, Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover, was the man many Americans (perhaps unfairly) held personally responsible for their misery. President Herbert Hoover's popularity was falling as voters felt he was unable to reverse the economic collapse, or deal with prohibition. -
The 20th Amendment
This amendment was responsible for arranging the time at which federal government elected offices terms would come to an end, also the confirming who will continue the presidency in the event that the current president dies. Before this amendment the terms for both the president and congress started on March 4 in the next year following the election.This was important because it was an attempt to oust the "Lame Duck" presidents and legislators, even though it would fail. -
The 21st Amendment
The transportation or importation of any liquor through State, or territorial boundaries in the the U.S., is hereby prohibited, and any person who is breeches that is in violation of the laws. When 21st amendment was ratified it would be announced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This amendment would repeal the 18th Amendment, thus ending the nationwide prohibition of alcohol, but some states would continue prohibition by maintaining statewide temperance laws. -
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
When the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was created they had three purposes. To be useful and effective, contribute to giving work for employable people on the relief rolls, and to have a diversity in these relief programs. This organization's purpose was initially to distribute 500 million dollars in federal funds to state agencies. In order to achieve this effectiveness, Roosevelt wanted the organization to focus on action rather than the complexity of politics. -
The Glass Steagall Act
In 1933, during the Great Depression, the stock market crash, and nationwide bank failure, two members of Congress will create Glass-Steagall Act (GSA). This act separated investment and commercial banking activities into four different sections of the 1933 Banking Act. Together, they would be the reason behind stopping commercial Federal Reserve member banks from dealing in non-governmental securities for customers. -
The New Deal
The New Deal created by FDR, and built on the basis of relief, recovery, and reform in order to "share the wealth". This group's intention was to RELIEVE Americans from the repercussions of the Great Depression. They will spend money on public works and agricultural programs, creating an increased employment rate. This will be opposed by businessmen, the Republican Party, and even some from FDR'S own party. Those who didn't want government interference or assistance in people's lives. -
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was enacted by Congress in June 1933 and was one of the measures by which President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to assist the nation's economic recovery during the Great Depression by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.. The NIRA was declared unconstitutional in May 1935 when the Supreme Court issued its unanimous decision in the case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States. -
Huey Long “The Kingfish”
Huey Long or "The Kingfish", was an American politician who served as the governor of Louisiana and as a member of the United States Senate, until his assassination by the hands of Dr. Carl Weiss. He would be the reason behind reforms for the poor were happening during the depression. Kingfish would also be responsible for the "Share the Wealth plan", a program made in order to give a suitable living to all Americans, by spreading the nation's wealth among the people. -
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
This pact would ensure that neither one of the two countries wouldn't take any military action against one-another for the decade, This would so that Nazi Germany could invade Poland with little to no interference from any opposing forces, and would then have to handle France and Britain in the west and still not have to fight the the Soviet Union at the same time from the east. The pact would take place only a few days before the start of World War II -
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The Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, which became known as the Axis alliance. Even before the Tripartite Pact, two of the three Axis powers had initiated conflicts that would become theaters of war in World War II. Germany intended to build up a powerful empire by occupying territory to the east and south. They opposed the Allied Powers, consisting mainly of Great Britain, France, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. -
Pearl Harbor
The United States would put an embargo that blocked the Japanese from receiving well needed materials, like steel and fuel. This was stop Japan from taking over more territory. The Japanese were then retaliate by using planes to attack the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory. The bombing killed over 2,300 Americans, and destroyed the American battleship U.S.S. This attack would force the U.S. into World War II. -
FDR's Declaration of War
FDR would refer to this as "a date which will live in infamy", the United States of America was surprisingly and intentionally attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan at Pearl Harbor.On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan in response to this attack. This speech was an attempt to on boost America's weakened morale, FDR would summon his armed forces commanders, and demand a bombing raid on Japan. -
The Navajo Code Talkers
Navajo code talkers, a group of 400-some Native Americans sought out and recruited into the U.S Marines as a hidden asset to aid in the victory of World War II. These code talkers would used unrecognizable language as a way of secretly communicating. It is said that without the code talkers the capture of Iwo Jima wouldn't have happened, and it was extremely important Iwo Jima a base on the Japanese coast be seized. -
Executive Order 9066
In an during of World War II,following the Pearl Harbor attack President Roosevelt, would sign and authorized the internment of any person of Japanese ancestry, whether American citizens or not, along with immigrants of Japan. The people would be relocated to the West, in known military areas. It is estimated that around the western area of the country there is a total of 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry. -
Bataan Death March
Following their surrender under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur the commander of the US troops on Bataan, a total of 76,000 Filipinos and Americans would become prisoners of war and would be forced by the Japanese military to endure and march some 65 miles from Mariveles, on the southern end of the Bataan Peninsula, to San Fernando. This march was meant to demoralize the spirits of those captured, hence the long distance walk. -
D-Day
On June 6, 1944 the Allied forces would carry out a combined naval, air and land attack on Nazi-France. D-Day or code-name Operation 'Overlord', would have the Allied soldiers land on the Normandy beaches in order rid the northern Europe of Nazi presence. This was the greatesr air, land, and sea invasion in history. The objective of Operation Overlord was to surprise Germany, It was the start towards of the end of World War II. -
The Battle of Anzio
The Battle of Anzio was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II and will end the capture of Rome. Through pure endurance and determination, the Allies would defended the beach until reinforcements would arrive. The strategic importance of the Battle of Anzio in clearing out Italy forces from Rome and being able to holdout to to victory was assured. The operation would be opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. -
The United Nations
The U.N. was created in order to create peace with nations worldwide along with it's security, to contribute in resolving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems, to be a symbol of human rights and liberal freedoms, and to develop relations with other nations. The U.N would replace, an organization similar to this one created after WWI but less effective called "League of Nations".
