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Slavophiles & Westerners - Mid 1800s
Should Russia follow west and industrialise?
Extremism of Salvophiles (Dev. into Populists) lead to propaganda and assassinations - leading figures in jail or exile. -
Socialists - 1880s
Social Revolutionaries - supported by peasants
Social Democrats (Marxism) - supported by working class -
St. Petersburg Strike
Made by workers. -
Miners' Strike
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Student Demonstration in St Petersburg
13 people killed, hundred wounded with no warning from troops.
1500 arrested and imprisoned -
Rostov-on-Don Strike
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Bolsheviks & Mensheviks - SPLIT OF DEMOCRATIC PARTY
Bolsheviks (LW) - favoured small elite leadership group, recognised Lenin as leader.
Mensheviks (RW) - against idea of centralised party, Marxists.
(occurred around 1905) -
Russia Defeated in War with Japan
1904 - 1905 -
Uprisings in Rural Areas
Over 3000 within 1905 -
'Bloody Sunday'
Peaceful demonstration by St Petersburg workers
200 killed
800 wounded -
October Manifesto
Document created by Witte from Tsar promising political reforms.
Granted Duma (Elected national assembly)
Wording deliberately vague - loopholes.
Octobrists - Positive response -
Uprising - Moscow Social Democrats
Those not content with 'October Manifesto'.
Soviets still wanted revolution, called for continue of strike - Witte arrested leaders which provoked Moscow Social Democrats who launched an uprising.
Witte sent in troops, 1000 killed. -
Harsh Campaigns to Punish Revolutionaries introduced.
2,000 Govt. officials assassinated.
15,000 rebels executed, 20,000 shot or wounded and 45,000 exiled. -
Battle of Tannenberg (Russia vs German)
70,000 Russian soldiers killed
100,000 people and 400 guns captured.
Russian Commander shot himself and by Autumn 1915 all Austrian territory lost. -
Russia Involved in WW1
Patriotic enthusiasm, support for Tsar.
People united (Didn't want conflict within country when fighting war)
Duma handed full power over to Tsar.
St Petersburg changed to Petrograd -
War Industry Committee Created
To help with war effort.
Chaired by Octobrist leader, Alexander Guchkov.
Supervised factories changing into military production. -
Progressive Bloc.
Duma recalled back into session as concerned with conduct and competence of Govt and Tsar.
Progressive Bloc formed by Duma.
Support from some Tsar ministers, however, Tsar adjourned Duma (PB) and sacked ministers w/ radical suggestions. http://russiasgreatwar.org/media/homefront/progressive_bloc.shtml -
Tsar Takes Command of Army
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Support for Govt. Lost (WW1)
1 mill killed, 1 mill taken prisoner
Chairman of Duma found 17,000 wounded lying unattended at railway station.
Town Govt. began forming unions to organise/evacuate sick and wounded etc.
ZEMGOR -
Wave of Strikes - 1916
Inflation occurred and wages dropped - revitalising workers' strike movement.
radical revolutionary groups increased influence among workers. -
Economy During War (1914-1917)
Coal up 30%
Output of Shells up 2000%
Artillery and Rifles up 10005
However, there were shortages due to transportation and distribution errors and by 1917 Russia was in trade deficit which led to inflation. -
Fuel and Flour at Lowest Levels
In Moscow, rumours of bread rationing.
Colder than average winter and people having to queue for hours for one loaf of bread. -
Putilov Steelworks Close Down
Closed down due to lack of fuel.
Huge number of people made unemployed.
Thousands of workers demonstrated on streets. -
Demonstrations Grew
Warmer weather led to increase of people on street.
International Women's Day.
Demonstrators becoming more violent.
Red flags appearing, clashes w/ police and 3 killed. (Demanding overthrow of Govt.) -
Military Actions Against Demonstrations
Tsar ordered General Khabalov to stop disorders in Petrograd.
Troops occupied Petrograd and imposed curfew however, demonstrators still came out and troops fired at them throughout various parts of the city. 3 days later, 170,000 troops refused to obey orders. -
Taking of the Winter Palace
Protestors and troops supporting revolutionaries took the Winter Palace.
Crowds stormed Peter and Paul fortress and freed inmates - SR & SD pre. arrested leaders.
Okhrana Headquarters ransacked - files & records burnt.
Looted arsenals, shops and restaurants. -
Mutiny Amongst Soldiers etc.
Nicholas unaware of seriousness of situation.
Railway workers tore up tracks so troop reinforcements could not reach destination. Once soldiers learnt of what occurred in Petrograd they mutinied. -
Tsar's Abdication
By 1st of March all elite were ready to sacrifice Nicholas to save themselves.
General Ruszky showed Nicholas Telegrams reporting revolution in Moscow mutinies etc. and Generals urging him to abdicate.
Agreed to abdicate in favour for son Alexei.
Then Changed mind and wanted his brother, Grand Duke of Michael, to take on role - he denied. -
End of 300 year old Romanov Monarchy
Outcome generals and Duma had not intended.
Leaders of Progressive Bloc formed temporary Govt. - the Provisional Govt. to rule until elections for new assembly held.
Nicholas placed under arrest.
