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Native American Cultural Survival Strategies
Native Americans tried a variety of strategies to cope and retain their land and culture. In the 1800s, two Shawnee brothers, Prophet and Tecumseh to build a Pan-Indian Movement, but this movement died with Tecumseh in the War of 1812.A Seneca,Handsome Lake, urged iroquois to adopt a lifestyle on temperance, education, farming, and peace.It was known as Cultural Revitalization. The Cherokees tried to survive through cultural adaptation, with native Americans and European cultures. -
People and Westward Expansion
The first Americans to move westward were called explorers, the used to river system to get around. Some of these explorers included Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Zebulon Pike. They traveled along routes such as Santa Fe and Oregon Trails. Mormons, led by Brigham Young, settled at Great Salt Lake in 1846. There was the discovery of gold and silver in California. Most settlers chose more prosperous lands in the far West, leaving the flat but dry and treeless Great Plains. -
Louisiana Purchase
The Americans bought Louisiana for $15 millions from the French. In 1803 President Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to seek a water route to the Pacific Ocean, to explore the economic resources. Their data and maps contributed to the nation's expansion by increasing understanding of the vast area. -
Florida
The territory was acquired by treaty from Spain, satisfying southern expansionists. In the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain also gave up its claims to the Pacific Northwest in return for the US to give up its claim on Texas. -
Abolition
The Abolitionist movement grew as cotton production became more profitable and slavery spread. Abolitionists organized the Underground railroad, which is a series of safe houses for slaves that were on their way north and into Canada. It attracted variety of activists, including African Americans such as Fredrick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth, and white activists William Lloyd Garrison. They organized the Underground Railroad which is a series of safe houses for escaped slaves. -
Abolition 2
the Underground Railroad was to help escaped slaves to make it to the north and into Canada. Harriet Tubman made 19 trips to escort runaways. Not all of the northerners agreed with the abolition movement. The Northern members that did not agree with the abolition movement feared that it would make relations between the north and south more sour and affect trade. White workers feared the competition between escaped and freed slaves willing to work for low wages. -
The Tariff Issue
The South opposed protective tariffs, which resulted in higher prices paid for manufactured goods.With he passage of the Tariff of Abominations in the south, tensions started to increase.S. Carolina argued that a state had a right to nullify. With a lower tariff S. Carolina enacted an Ordinance of Nullification.President Jackson proposed the Compromise Tariff, it helped to resolve immediate crisis. S. Carolina with drew its tariff nullification, the nullified the Force Bill. -
Women's Rights
By the 1830s, reformed woman recognized that they would face discrimination, even within their own organizations. Women delegates attending the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention were not allowed, after much debate, to participate in the convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and and Lucretia Mott organized the Women's Rights Convention. In Seneca Falls, New York, the Declaration of Sentiments was issued. In 1835, Susan B Anthony joined Stanton in the drive for women's rights. -
The Removal Policy
The federal Government force Natives to lands west of the Mississippi River. The treaties were worthless because, Natives were forced to leave their land repeatedly. In 1830, Jackson began his Removal Policy. In 1838, the U.S. Army forced the Cherokee to move to the west in a forced march that would be known as The Trail Of Tears.The Seminole of Florida fought in the second Seminole War. Many remained in Florida. -
The National Bank Issue - The Bank War
The Second Bank of U.S. provoked sectional differences.Most had opposed the National Bank that came from southerners and westerners, who wanted more money. People also resented the national bank's control over state banking. President Jackson vetoed a bill to recharter the bank.He then withdrew federal money,effectively killing it.To Jackson the Second Bank of the US had symbolized privilege and power of northern interest. -
Unifying the United States
Some factors that helped to unify the U.S. were the first and second two-party systems, the market economy and interstate commerce, and decisions of the Marshall Court. The first and second two-party systems helped because they were national, not sectional, parties. The market economy and increased interstate commerce helped because they stimulate economic growth nationwide. Banks expanded to provide the capital. National unity was promoted by decisions made by the Marshall Court. -
The Age Of Jackson
Andrew Jackson was elected twice for President, serving from 1829-1837. he was the first President that was elected from one of the original 13 states. He ran unsuccessfully for President in 1824. Jackson's part, the Democrats, got its support from middle-class and small farmers of the South and West and urban workers. Jackson was a popular hero of War in1812. -
Reform Movement 2
Dorothea Dix reported her findings to the state legislature, which helped to fund state mental hospitals. Other reforms. pushed for the creation of prisons, hospitals, orphanages, and institutions to care for disabled people. -
Reform Movements
Many areas of American life inspired reform movements, including education and care of the mentally ill. Public schools, Horace Mann developed an education system with grade levels and teacher training.His ideas spread rapidly, by 1860 most people had at least an elementary education. Education for girls and young women were expanded. Care of the mentally ill, in the early 1800s most mentally ill were kept in prisons. a reformer named Dorothea Dix studied poor treat of mentally ill. -
Manifest Destiny
Many Americans believed in Manifest Destiny, the conviction that the United States had a divine mission: to expand the Pacific Ocean and the even possess the entire N American continent, and to spread the ideals of freedom and democracy. What the Americans saw as Manifest Destiny was viewed differently by the Native Americans and Mexican people, who were in possession of these western lands. Expansion increased national pride, but by raising serious questions about slavery. -
Working-Class Life
Industrialization changed peoples lives and their gender roles. Most families had worked together at home and on the farm, taking tasks that went along with their gender. After industrialization, both men and women worked, but their jobs also differed depending on their gender. Women worked as servants and men worked in the factories. Middle-class men worked in the business world and the middle-class women were at home, but single middle-class woman were mostly teachers. -
Texas
The US acquired Texas and what is now parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas from Mexico by annexation. After Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821, American settlers moved into Texas. In 1836, the settlers declared independence from Mexico and created the Republic of Texas. Texas requested admission to the Union. President Jackson and then President Martin Van Buren were concerned about the political effects of admitting another slave state. -
Immigration
between 1845-1850 millions of Irish people came to live in the U.S., because of the potato famine. Also many Germans came because they were seeking peace and stability after the failed Revolution in 1848. Irish settled in the northeastern cities, some Germans also stayed in cities. Most moved west to start farms. Most immigrants had to deal with Nativism, because most Americans didn't want them there. But the did make many contributions,such as,helped to build railroads and labored in factories. -
Oregon Country
What is now Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana and Wyoming, was gained from Great Britain in compromise that continued the northern border set at the 49th parallel all the way to the coast. -
Mexican Cession
California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming became part of the U.S. by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War. Tensions increased when President James Polk sent envoys to buy California from Mexico and send troops into the Rio Grande area. When fighting occurred in that area, war was declared. Expansionists welcomed an opportunity to acquire new land. Northerners fear the future addition of more slave states. -
Gadsden Purchase
This piece of land in southern Arizona and New Mexico was purchased from Mexico as a possible railroad route. -
The Spoils System and Civil Service Reform
The Spoils system gave government jobs to people who had worked to help their political parties to win election. It was called Spoils System because of the saying "To the victor belongs the spoils". People wanted reform, and, Chester Arthur, supported it. The Pendleton Act of 1883 marked the beginning of civil service reform. It provided competitive exams to be used to hire government workers, set up a commission to administer the tests.
